Heparan-sulfat

.

Heparan-sulfat (HS) je linearni polisaharid koji se nalazi u svim životinjskim tkivima.^[1] Javlja se kao proteoglikan (HSPG, tj. Heparan-sulfat proteoglikan) u kojem su dva ili tri HS lanca vezana u neposrednoj blizini površine ćelije ili vanćelijskog matriksa proteina.^[2][3] U ovom obliku se HS vezuje za različite proteinske ligande, uključujući Wnt,^[4][5] i reguliše širok spektar bioloških aktivnosti, uključujući razvojne procese, angiogenezu, koagulaciju krvi, ukidajući aktivnost odvajanja GrB (granzim B),^[6] i tumorske metastaze. Također se pokazalo da HS služi kao ćelijski receptor za brojne viruse, uključujući respiratorni sincicijski virus.^[7] Jedna studija sugerira da ćelijski heparan-sulfat ima ulogu u infekciji SARS-CoV-2, posebno kada se virus veže s ACE2.^[8]

1. ^ Medeiros GF, Mendes A, Castro RA, Baú EC, Nader HB, Dietrich CP (juli 2000). "Distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the animal kingdom: widespread occurrence of heparin-like compounds in invertebrates". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1475 (3): 287–94. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(00)00079-9. PMID 10913828.
2. ^ Gallagher JT, Lyon M (2000). "Molecular structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". u Iozzo MV (ured.). Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. str. 27–59.
3. ^ Iozzo RV (1998). "Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67: 609–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.609. PMID 9759499. S2CID 14638091.
4. ^ Gao W, Kim H, Feng M, Phung Y, Xavier CP, Rubin JS, Ho M (august 2014). "Inactivation of Wnt signaling by a human antibody that recognizes the heparan sulfate chains of glypican-3 for liver cancer therapy". Hepatology. 60 (2): 576–87. doi:10.1002/hep.26996. PMC 4083010. PMID 24492943.
5. ^ Greška kod citiranja: Nevaljana oznaka <ref>; nije naveden tekst za reference s imenom Gao 26245
6. ^ Buzza MS, Zamurs L, Sun J, Bird CH, Smith AI, Trapani JA, et al. (juni 2005). "Extracellular matrix remodeling by human granzyme B via cleavage of vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (25): 23549–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412001200. PMID 15843372.
7. ^ Hallak LK, Spillmann D, Collins PL, Peeples ME (novembar 2000). "Glycosaminoglycan sulfation requirements for respiratory syncytial virus infection". Journal of Virology. 74 (22): 10508–13. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.22.10508-10513.2000. PMC 110925. PMID 11044095.
8. ^ Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, et al. (14. 9. 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2". The Journal of Cell. 183 (4): 1043–1057.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033. PMC 7489987. PMID 32970989.