Gwawr Euraid

Gwawr Euraid
Enghraifft o:	plaid wleidyddol, mudiad anghyfreithlon
Idioleg	Greek nationalism, ultranationalism, Neo-Natsïaeth, neo-fascism, gwrth-Semitiaeth, Gwrth-gomiwnyddiaeth, euroscepticism, mudiad gwrth-globaleiddio
Dechrau/Sefydlu	1 Ionawr 1985
Aelod o'r canlynol	European National Front
Pencadlys	Athen
Gwladwriaeth	Gwlad Groeg
Gwefan	https://xrisiavgi.com
	Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia

Plaid wleidyddol dde eithafol yng Ngwlad Groeg yw Cymdeithas y Bobl – Gwawr Euraid (Groeg: Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος – Χρυσή Αυγή), a adnabyddir yn gyffredin fel Gwawr Euraid (Groeg: Χρυσή Αυγή). Esblygodd o waith Nikolaos Michaloliakos ym 1980, ac mae'r gymdeithas wleidyddol hon wedi tyfu'n sylweddol ers hynny, i ddod yn blaid wleidyddol led-adnabyddus â chefnogaeth genedlaethol iddi. Cafodd y sylw cenedlaethol cyntaf ym 1990 ac fe'i cofrestrwyd yn blaid swyddogol dair blynedd yn ddiweddarach. Caiff ei disgrifio gan sylwebwyr gwleidyddol a'r wasg fel sefydliad neo-Natsïaidd^[1]^[2] a ffasgaidd,^[3] ond mae'r gymdeithas yn gwadu hyn; er eu bod yn y gorffennol wedi defnyddio symbolau Natsïaidd a rhoi clod i arweinwyr yr Almaen Natsïaidd. Mae arweinydd y blaid wedi'i disgrifio yn agored fel un genedlaetholgar a hiliol.

Daeth y gymdeithas i sylw cyffredin yn gyntaf ym 1991, a chofrestrwyd hi fel plaid wleidyddol ym 1993. Ataliwyd y gweithgareddau gwleidyddol dros dro yn 2005, pan ddaeth yn rhan o'r Gynghrair Wladgarol (Groeg: Πατριωτική Συμμαχία). Daeth hwnnw i ben yn ei dro pan dynnodd Michaloliakos ei gefnogaeth. Ym mis Mawrth 2007, cynhaliwyd chweched gyngres Gwawr Euraid, a datganodd arweinwyr y blaid y byddent yn ail-gydio yn eu gweithgaredd gwleidyddol. Enillont eu sedd wleidyddol gyntaf yn etholiadau lleol 2010 ar 7 Tachwedd, gan ennill 5.3% o'r bleidlais ym mwrdeistref Athen, a sedd yng Nghyngor y Ddinas. Mewn rhai ardaloedd o'r ddinas, ble roedd cymunedau llu o fewnfudwyr, cododd eu canran o'r bleidlais i 20%.^[4]

Ymhlith y materion sydd uchaf ar ei hagenda mae: diweithdra ac economi'r wlad a cheisio rheoli'r mewnlifiad o wledydd eraill.^[5]

↑
- Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland" (yn German), Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (VS Verlag): p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9, "...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... (...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...)"
- Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173
- Chalk, Peter (2003), "Non-Military Security in the Wider Middle East", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (3): 197–214, doi:10.1080/10576100390211428, "Reflecting these perceptions has been a growing sub-culture of support for neo-Nazi hate groups such as Troiseme Voie in France, Golden Dawn in Greece, Combat 18 (C18) in the United Kingdom..."
- Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12, "On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization of that name, cited another survey indicating that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent."
- Porat, Dina; Stauber, Roni (2002), Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, University of Nebraska Press, p. 123, "The neo-Nazi Chrissi Avgi (Golden Daybreak) was the only far right group active in 2000. It was responsible for at least one antisemitic act and for attacks against left-wing targets."
↑
* Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office, CNN, 19 Mawrth 2010, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-19/world/greece.explosion.neo.nazi_1_neo-nazi-greek-police-explosion?_s=PM:WORLD, adalwyd 2 Chwefror 2012
- "Greek minister warns of neo-Nazi political threat", B92, 31 March 2012, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=31&nav_id=79547, adalwyd 2012-11-22
- "Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy)", Ethnos, 31 Mawrth 2012, http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154
- "Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election", The Sun Daily, 4 April 2012, http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237^{[dolen farw]}
- Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (6 May 2012), "Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html
↑
- Xenakis, Sappho (2012), "A New Dawn? Change and Continuity in Political Violence in Greece", Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (3): 437–464, doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.633133, "...Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who in the early 1980s established the fascistic far-right party Chrysi Avgi (“Golden Dawn”)."
↑ Kitsantonis, Niki (2010-12-01). "Attacks on Immigrants on the Rise in Greece". New York Times. Cyrchwyd 27 Mehegin 2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Sportiche, Sophie (7 Mai 2012). "Q&A: Greece's Golden Dawn". Al Jazeera.

[extremismreport-1] 
Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland" (yn German), Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (VS Verlag): p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9, "...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... (...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...)"

Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173

Chalk, Peter (2003), "Non-Military Security in the Wider Middle East", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (3): 197–214, doi:10.1080/10576100390211428, "Reflecting these perceptions has been a growing sub-culture of support for neo-Nazi hate groups such as Troiseme Voie in France, Golden Dawn in Greece, Combat 18 (C18) in the United Kingdom..."

Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12, "On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization of that name, cited another survey indicating that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent."

Porat, Dina; Stauber, Roni (2002), Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, University of Nebraska Press, p. 123, "The neo-Nazi Chrissi Avgi (Golden Daybreak) was the only far right group active in 2000. It was responsible for at least one antisemitic act and for attacks against left-wing targets."

[2] Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland" (yn German), Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (VS Verlag): p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9, "...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... (...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...)"

[3] Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173

[4] Chalk, Peter (2003), "Non-Military Security in the Wider Middle East", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (3): 197–214, doi:10.1080/10576100390211428, "Reflecting these perceptions has been a growing sub-culture of support for neo-Nazi hate groups such as Troiseme Voie in France, Golden Dawn in Greece, Combat 18 (C18) in the United Kingdom..."

[5] Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12, "On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization of that name, cited another survey indicating that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent."

[6] Porat, Dina; Stauber, Roni (2002), Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, University of Nebraska Press, p. 123, "The neo-Nazi Chrissi Avgi (Golden Daybreak) was the only far right group active in 2000. It was responsible for at least one antisemitic act and for attacks against left-wing targets."

[2] * Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office, CNN, 19 Mawrth 2010, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-19/world/greece.explosion.neo.nazi_1_neo-nazi-greek-police-explosion?_s=PM:WORLD, adalwyd 2 Chwefror 2012
"Greek minister warns of neo-Nazi political threat", B92, 31 March 2012, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=31&nav_id=79547, adalwyd 2012-11-22

"Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy)", Ethnos, 31 Mawrth 2012, http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154

"Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election", The Sun Daily, 4 April 2012, http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237^{[dolen farw]}

Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (6 May 2012), "Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html

[8] "Greek minister warns of neo-Nazi political threat", B92, 31 March 2012, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=31&nav_id=79547, adalwyd 2012-11-22

[9] "Ακροδεξιά απειλή για τη Δημοκρατία (Right-wing threat to Democracy)", Ethnos, 31 Mawrth 2012, http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22786&subid=2&pubid=63638154

[10] "Migration woes take centre stage ahead of Greek election", The Sun Daily, 4 April 2012, http://www.thesundaily.my/news/339237^{[dolen farw]}

[11] Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (6 May 2012), "Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/world/europe/greeks-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.html

[3] 
Xenakis, Sappho (2012), "A New Dawn? Change and Continuity in Political Violence in Greece", Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (3): 437–464, doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.633133, "...Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who in the early 1980s established the fascistic far-right party Chrysi Avgi (“Golden Dawn”)."

[13] Xenakis, Sappho (2012), "A New Dawn? Change and Continuity in Political Violence in Greece", Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (3): 437–464, doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.633133, "...Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who in the early 1980s established the fascistic far-right party Chrysi Avgi (“Golden Dawn”)."

[NYCtimes-4] Kitsantonis, Niki (2010-12-01). "Attacks on Immigrants on the Rise in Greece". New York Times. Cyrchwyd 27 Mehegin 2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[5] Sportiche, Sophie (7 Mai 2012). "Q&A: Greece's Golden Dawn". Al Jazeera.

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Gwawr Euraid

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