Back الاحتجاجات البحرينية 2011 Arabic Bəhreyn üsyanı Azerbaijani Protesty v Bahrajnu 2011 Czech Protestiadau Bahrain (2011) Welsh Proteste in Bahrain ab 2011 German Rebelión en Baréin de 2011-2012 Spanish 2011. aasta Bahreini rahutused Estonian 2011ko Bahraingo protestaldia Basque خیزش ۲۰۱۱ بحرین Persian Soulèvement bahreïnien French

2011 Bahraini uprising

2011 Bahraini uprising
Part of the Arab Spring, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and the insurgency in Bahrain
Clockwise from top-left: Protesters raising their hands towards the Pearl Roundabout on 19 February 2011; Teargas usage by security forces and clashes with protesters on 13 March; Over 100,000 Bahrainis taking part in the "March of loyalty to martyrs", on 22 February; clashes between security forces and protesters on 13 March; Bahraini armed forces blocking an entrance to a Bahraini village.
Date14 February – 18 March 2011
(1 month and 4 days)
(occasional demonstrations since 2011)
Location
Bahrain

26°01′39″N 50°33′00″E / 26.02750°N 50.55000°E / 26.02750; 50.55000
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Status
Concessions
Parties

Bahrain Bahraini opposition

Allegedly supported by:
Lead figures

Leaders of Bahrain opposition parties

8

Human rights defenders

2

Independent opposition leaders

1

Bahrain House of Khalifa

8

 Gulf Cooperation Council

2
  • Bahrain *Abdullatif Bin Rashid Al-Zayani
    (Secretary General of the Gulf Cooperation Council)
  • Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf *Mutlaq Bin Salem al-Azima (Commander-in-Chief of the Peninsula Shield Force)

Saudi Arabia King Abdullah

Number
150,000[10]p. 97 – 300,000 protesters[11]

16,000–36,000

Details
Casualties and losses
  • 182+ protesters killed[15][16]
  • 2900+ wounded[17]
  • 2929+ arrested[18]
  • 4,539 job layoffs[10]
  • 534 students expelled[10]
  • 1500+ exiled[19]
  • 900+ stripped of their citizenship[20]
List

The 2011 Bahraini uprising was a series of anti-government protests in Bahrain led by the Shia-dominant and some Sunni minority Bahraini opposition from 2011 until 2014. The protests were inspired by the unrest of the 2011 Arab Spring and protests in Tunisia and Egypt and escalated to daily clashes after the Bahraini government repressed the revolt with the support of the Gulf Cooperation Council and Peninsula Shield Force.[25] The Bahraini protests were a series of demonstrations, amounting to a sustained campaign of non-violent civil disobedience[26] and some violent[27] resistance in the Persian Gulf country of Bahrain.[28] As part of the revolutionary wave of protests in the Middle East and North Africa following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia, the Bahraini protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the 70% Shia population.[29][30]

This expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[4] following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in the capital Manama,[31][32] known locally as Bloody Thursday. Protesters in Manama camped for days at the Pearl Roundabout, which became the centre of the protests. After a month, the government of Bahrain requested troops and police aid from the Gulf Cooperation Council. On 14 March, 1,000 troops from Saudi Arabia, 500 troops from UAE and naval ships from Kuwait entered Bahrain and crushed the uprising.[33] A day later, King Hamad declared martial law and a three-month state of emergency.[34][35] Pearl Roundabout was cleared of protesters and the iconic statue at its center was demolished.[36]

Occasional demonstrations have continued since. After the state of emergency was lifted on 1 June 2011, the opposition party, Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, organized several weekly protests[37] usually attended by tens of thousands.[38] On 9 March 2012, over 100,000 attended[39] and another on 31 August attracted tens of thousands.[40] Daily smaller-scale protests and clashes continued, mostly outside Manama's business districts,[41][42] and also in Riffa.[43][44][45] By April 2012, more than 80 had died.[46] The police response was described as a "brutal" crackdown on "peaceful and unarmed" protesters, including doctors and bloggers.[47][48][49] The police carried out midnight house raids in Shia neighbourhoods, beatings at checkpoints and denial of medical care in a campaign of intimidation.[50][51][52] More than 2,929 people have been arrested,[53][54] and at least five died due to torture in police custody.[10]: 287–288 

In early July 2013, Bahraini activists called for major rallies on 14 August under the title Bahrain Tamarod.[55]

  1. ^ Lyon, Alistair (9 May 2011). "Analysis – West turns blind eye to Bahrain crackdown". Reuters. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Calls for Weekend Protests in Syria – Social Media Used in Bid To Mobilise Syrians for Rallies Demanding Freedom, Human Rights and the End to Emergency Law". Al Jazeera. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  3. ^ Imtiaz, Saba (17 March 2011). "Pakistani Workers Seek Cover Amid Bahrain Turmoil". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Bahrain Mourners Call for End to Monarchy – Mood of Defiance Against Entire Ruling System After Brutal Attack on Pearl Square Protest Camp That Left at Least Five Dead". London: Associated Press (via The Guardian). 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  5. ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (25 March 2011). "Pak Worries Being Mercenary Hub". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  6. ^ Abdo, Genieve; Ali, Jasim Husain – essay (3 April 2011). "Misunderstanding Bahrain's Shia Protesters – Predominately Shia Protesters Are Calling for Political Reform Not Alignment with Iran, Researchers Argue". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  7. ^ وفاة بحرينية بعد إحراق نفسها في السنابس (in Arabic). Al-Wasat. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  8. ^ "Bahrain's King Gifts $3,000 to Every Family". Agence France-Presse (via France 24). 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  9. ^ "Bahrain Doles Out Money to Families". Al Jazeera English. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (PDF) (Report). Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. 23 November 2011.
  11. ^ "POMED Notes: Maryam al-Khawaja – An Update on Bahrain". Project on Middle East Democracy. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  12. ^ "Bahrain". The 2011 US Department of State Background Notes. United States Department of State. Retrieved 2 March 2012. The Bahrain Defense Force (BDF) numbers about 13,000 personnel.
  13. ^ "Bahrain". The 2011 US Department of State Background Notes. United States Department of State. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Bahrain also has a national guard that consists of about 2,000 personnel.
  14. ^ "State of emergency declared in Bahrain". The National. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  15. ^ "شهداء ثورة اللؤلؤة بالبحرين "ثورة ١٤ فبراير" آخر تحديث 19-1-2017 &#124". International Council Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights.
  16. ^ فيديو: عدد وتفاصيل شهداء ثورة 14 فبراير في البحرين - قناة العالم الاخبارية
  17. ^ 4 on 14 February (BICI p. 68), 25 on 15 February [1], 600+ on 17 February [2], 774 on 11 March [3], 905+ on 13 March [4] [5] [6], 250 on 15 March [7], 150+ on 16 March [8] and extra 200 [9] Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses, archived from the original on 4 October 2012
  19. ^ Report of Bahrain NGOs (PDF) (Report). Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 22 November 2011.
  20. ^ "Bahrain: Mass trial revoking citizenship of 138 people 'a mockery of justice'". Amnesty.org. 7 March 2016.
  21. ^ مجلس الوزراء: تقرير اللجنة المستقلة لتقصي الحقائق يعكس التزام عاهل البلاد بالوقوف على حقيقة وقائع الاحداث التي شهدتها البلاد. Bahrain News Agency. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  22. ^ "Bahrain police injured in bomb attack". BBC News. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  23. ^ "Bahrain king declares martial law over protests". NBC News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  24. ^ "Emirati hero killed in the line of duty in Bahrain laid to rest". The National. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  25. ^ "GCC Members Consider Future of Union".
  26. ^ Richard Davies, Thomas (26 June 2014). "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: 'political ju-jitsu' in reverse" (PDF). Global Change, Peace and Security. 26 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1080/14781158.2014.924916. S2CID 145013824.
  27. ^ "FUNKER530 » Military Videos And Veteran Community With Army, Navy, Air Force News. » 100 Moltov Cocktails Thrown At Police At Once". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  28. ^ Erlich, Reese (12 December 2012). "Bahrain's Changing Opposition". Global Post Public Radio International. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  29. ^ "Wikileak Cables: Bahrain's Shia Political Leaders Visit Iraq". The Daily Telegraph. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference JazeeraBah14Feb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference aljaz_bahr17Feb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ "Bahrain Protests: Police Break Up Pearl Square Crowd". BBC News. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  33. ^ Khalifa, Reem (14 February 2015). "Bahrain Protesters Rally on Anniversary of Crushed Uprising". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  34. ^ "Bahrain King Declares State of Emergency after Protests". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  35. ^ Cloud, David S.; Banerjee, Neela (16 March 2011). "Bahrain Protests: In Bahrain, Forces Move Against Protesters in Capital". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  36. ^ Chulov, Martin (18 March 2011). "Bahrain destroys Pearl roundabout". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  37. ^ Hammond, Andrew (4 June 2012). "Bahrain says group follows violent Shi'ite cleric". The Daily Star. Reuters. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  38. ^ "Bahrain forces quash protests". The Independent. Reuters. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  39. ^ "Bahrain's Shias demand reform at mass rally". Al Jazeera English. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  40. ^ "Tens of thousands join protest in Bahrain". Al Jazeera English. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  41. ^ "Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012". Al Jazeera English. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  42. ^ "Heavy police presence blocks Bahrain protests". Al Jazeera English. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  43. ^ "IMAGO". www.imago-images.com. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  44. ^ Baker, Aryn (11 March 2011). "Tensions Mount in Bahrain as Friday Protests Get Underway". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  45. ^ "Bahrainis protest for democracy, February-March 2011 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  46. ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (23 April 2012). "Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  47. ^ Law, Bill (6 April 2011). "Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear'". Crossing Continents. BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  48. ^ Alisa, Zayd (30 March 2011). "USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia". Scoop. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  49. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (18 March 2011). "The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  50. ^ Wahab, Siraj (18 March 2011). "Bahrain Arrests Key Opposition Leaders". Arab News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  51. ^ Law, Bill (22 March 2011). "Bahrain Rulers Unleash 'Campaign of Intimidation'". Crossing Continents. BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  52. ^ Chick, Kristen (1 April 2011). "Bahrain's Calculated Campaign of Intimidation". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  53. ^ "Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses". Al Jazeera English. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
  54. ^ "Applying pressure on Bahrain". The Washington Post. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  55. ^ "Bahrain warns against Egypt-inspired protests". Fox News. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 14 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
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