Altan Khan | |
---|---|
Shunyi King (順義王) | |
1st Ming Shunyi King (順義王) | |
Reign | 21 April 1571 – 13 January 1582 |
Predecessor | First |
Successor | Sengge Düüreng |
Born | 2 January 1508 |
Died | 13 January 1582 |
Spouse | Erketü Qatun |
House | Borjigin |
Father | Bars Bolud Jinong |
Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
Altan Khan of the Tümed (2 January 1508[1] – 13 January 1582;[2] Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda (Mongolian: Алтан (Аньда);[3] Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols[4][5][6] de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols, and the first Ming Shunyi King (順義王). He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south. His name means "Golden Khan" in the Mongolian language.
①據蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》第4頁上記載,俺答汗生於藏曆「火吉祥母兔年十二月三十牛日」。經北京圖書館藏曆專家黃明信先生驗證,此紀年無錯。他認為藏地各時代各教派使用的藏曆紀年不一,格魯派使用蒲派歷算,薩迦派使用薩迦派歷算。上述紀年如按蒲派推算,應為正德三年正月初一(合公元1508年2月1日);如按薩迦派推算,應為正德二年十一月三十日(合公元1508年1月2日)。因薩迦派歷算傳入蒙古最早,且影響深遠,直至清康熙元年(1662)成書的《蒙古源流》還使用薩迦派曆法。而《俺答汗傳》成書於明萬曆三十五年(1607),早於《蒙古源流》半個世紀,格魯派也剛傳入蒙古,故上述紀年當按薩迦派推算,應為正德二年十一月三十日(公元1508年1月2日)。
第一,《明史》為了文字的簡練,往往作概括性的記述,有時將不同年代發生的事件記在同一年代之下,前一事件是因,後一事件是果,年代指的是後一事件發生的時間。又如,《明史·韃靼傳》云,「(萬曆)十年春,俺答死,帝特賜祭壇,彩幣十二表里,布百匹,示優恤。實際上萬曆十年春(《明神宗實錄》作十年二月)是明廷得到邊臣的報告後,下達「賜祭」的時間,並不是俺答汗的卒年。《萬曆武功錄》卷八和蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》關於俺答的卒年記載完全一致,為萬曆九年(辛巳年)十二月十九日(即公元一五八二年一月十三日)。
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