Altan Khan

Altan Khan
Shunyi King (順義王)
1st Ming Shunyi King (順義王)
Reign21 April 1571 – 13 January 1582
PredecessorFirst
SuccessorSengge Düüreng
Born2 January 1508 (1508-01-02)
Died13 January 1582
SpouseErketü Qatun
HouseBorjigin
FatherBars Bolud Jinong
ReligionTibetan Buddhism
The region ruled by Altan Khan as of 1571 AD

Altan Khan of the Tümed (2 January 1508[1] – 13 January 1582;[2] Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda (Mongolian: Алтан (Аньда);[3] Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols[4][5][6] de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols, and the first Ming Shunyi King (順義王). He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south. His name means "Golden Khan" in the Mongolian language.

  1. ^ 楊紹猷 (March 1992). 《俺答汗評傳》 (in Chinese). People's Republic of China: China Social Sciences Press. p. 10. ISBN 9787500410027. ①據蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》第4頁上記載,俺答汗生於藏曆「火吉祥母兔年十二月三十牛日」。經北京圖書館藏曆專家黃明信先生驗證,此紀年無錯。他認為藏地各時代各教派使用的藏曆紀年不一,格魯派使用蒲派歷算,薩迦派使用薩迦派歷算。上述紀年如按蒲派推算,應為正德三年正月初一(合公元1508年2月1日);如按薩迦派推算,應為正德二年十一月三十日(合公元1508年1月2日)。因薩迦派歷算傳入蒙古最早,且影響深遠,直至清康熙元年(1662)成書的《蒙古源流》還使用薩迦派曆法。而《俺答汗傳》成書於明萬曆三十五年(1607),早於《蒙古源流》半個世紀,格魯派也剛傳入蒙古,故上述紀年當按薩迦派推算,應為正德二年十一月三十日(公元1508年1月2日)。
  2. ^ 楊紹猷 (January 1987). 中國社會科學院民族研究所民族歷史研究室 (ed.). "〈太平卒年考〉". 《民族史論叢‧第一輯》 (in Chinese). People's Republic of China: Zhonghua Book Company: 129. 第一,《明史》為了文字的簡練,往往作概括性的記述,有時將不同年代發生的事件記在同一年代之下,前一事件是因,後一事件是果,年代指的是後一事件發生的時間。又如,《明史·韃靼傳》云,「(萬曆)十年春,俺答死,帝特賜祭壇,彩幣十二表里,布百匹,示優恤。實際上萬曆十年春(《明神宗實錄》作十年二月)是明廷得到邊臣的報告後,下達「賜祭」的時間,並不是俺答汗的卒年。《萬曆武功錄》卷八和蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》關於俺答的卒年記載完全一致,為萬曆九年(辛巳年)十二月十九日(即公元一五八二年一月十三日)。{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  3. ^ Алтан хан Mongoltoli.mn
  4. ^ John W. Dardess (2012). Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4422-0491-1.
  5. ^ Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, pp. 81-82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. ISBN 978-0-8047-0806-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9 (paper).
  6. ^ Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & its History. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 41. Shambhala, Boston & London. ISBN 978-0-87773-376-8 (pbk).

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