Back التحالف البريطاني الياباني Arabic Англо-японски съюз Bulgarian Anglo-Japanische Allianz German Alianza anglo-japonesa Spanish اتحاد ژاپن و بریتانیا Persian Britannian ja Japanin liitto Finnish Alliance anglo-japonaise French הברית האנגלו-יפנית HE Aliansi Britania Raya–Jepang ID Alleanza anglo-giapponese Italian
 Japanese copy of the alliance treaty | |
| Type | Military alliance |
|---|---|
| Context | Anti-Russian Empire |
| Signed | 30 January 1902 |
| Location | London, United Kingdom |
| Effective | 31 January 1902 |
| Replaced by | Four-Power Pacific Treaty |
| Expiration | 17 August 1923 |
| Original signatories |
|
| Parties | |
| Languages | |
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟, Nichi-Ei Dōmei) was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan which was effective from 1902 to 1923. The treaty creating the alliance was signed at Lansdowne House in London on 30 January 1902 by British foreign secretary Lord Lansdowne and Japanese diplomat Hayashi Tadasu. The alliance was the first-ever military pact concluded on equal terms between a Western and non-Western nation.
For the British, the alliance marked the end of a period of "splendid isolation" while allowing for greater focus on protecting India and competing in the Anglo-German naval arms race, as part of a larger strategy to reduce imperial overcommitment and recall the Royal Navy to defend Britain. The Japanese, on the other hand, felt that a conflict with Russia was imminent over rival ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, especially after the Triple Intervention in 1895, in which Russia, France, and Germany coerced Japan into relinquishing its claim on the Liaodong Peninsula. Article 3 of the alliance promised support if either signatory became involved in war with more than one power, and thus had the effect of deterring France from assisting its ally Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Instead, France concluded the Entente Cordiale with Britain and limited its support of Russia to providing loans.[1] Japan also gained international prestige from the alliance and used it as a foundation for their diplomacy for two decades, although the alliance angered the United States and some British dominions, whose opinion of Japan worsened and gradually became hostile.[2]
After Japan's victory in the war and subsequent control of Korea, the alliance was renewed in 1905 and 1911. In 1914, it enabled Japan's entry into World War I and capture of German-held territories in Asia. Britain grew increasingly distrustful of Japan over its ambitions, and the alliance was ended with the signing of the Four-Power Treaty in 1921 and terminated upon its ratification in 1923.[3][4][5]
- ^ James Long (1974). "Franco-Russian Relations during the Russo-Japanese War". The Slavonic and East European Review. 52 (127).
- ^ Nish, Ian (2012). The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires, 1894–1907. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 229–245. ISBN 978-1-4725-5354-6.
- ^ Langer, William (1950). The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902 (2nd ed.). pp. 745–86.
- ^ Dennis, Alfred L. P. (1922). "British Foreign Policy and the Dominions". American Political Science Review. 16 (4): 584–599. doi:10.2307/1943639. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1943639. S2CID 147544835.
- ^ Búzás, Zoltán I. (2013). "The Color of Threat: Race, Threat Perception, and the Demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902–1923)". Security Studies. 22 (4): 573–606. doi:10.1080/09636412.2013.844514. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 144689259.