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Anti-Black racism

"Melanophobia" redirects here. For other uses of the word "Melano", see Melanoleuca (disambiguation).
This article is about negative sentiment towards Black people. For negative sentiment towards African peoples and societies, irrespective of race, see Anti-African sentiment. For racism against African Americans specifically, see Racism against African Americans. For racism against Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, see Racism in Australia § Indigenous Australians.

A gathering of White supremacists who are members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in Baltimore in 1923. Designated as a far-right terrorist organization, the KKK first emerged in the American South in the 19th century and it is widely considered the most notorious anti-Black hate group in the country, reaching its peak with approximately six million members in the 1920s.
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Anti-Black racism, also called anti-Blackness, colourphobia or negrophobia, is characterised by prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination or extreme aversion towards people who are racialised as Black people (especially those people from sub-Saharan Africa and its diasporas),[1][2] as well as a loathing of Black culture worldwide. Such sentiment includes, but is not limited to: the attribution of negative characteristics to Black people; the fear, strong dislike or dehumanisation of Black men; and the objectification (including sexual objectification) and dehumanisation of Black women.[3]

First defined by Canadian scholar Dr. Akua Benjamin, the term anti-Black racism (ABR)[4][5] originally described racism towards Black people of African descent, as shaped by slavery and European colonialism.[1][2] However, the term Black can apply more widely to other groups,[6][7][8] including Pacific and non-Atlantic Blacks (or Blaks), such as Indigenous Australians and Melanesians.[9][10] As such, anti-Black racism has since been used to refer to racism against Black people more generally.[9][8][6] The older terms negrophobia and colourphobia[11] were terms created by American abolitionists to describe racism towards people of Black African descent, who were known at the time as Negroes or Coloured.[12][13][14] The term anti-Blackness refers to racism against anyone racialised as Black.[15][16]

  1. ^ a b Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (2022-10-01). "Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities". Journal of Urban Health. 99 (5): 829–841. doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w. ISSN 1468-2869. PMC 9447939. PMID 36066788.
  2. ^ a b Dryden, OmiSoore; Nnorom, Onye (2021-01-11). "Time to dismantle systemic anti-Black racism in medicine in Canada". CMAJ. 193 (2): E55 – E57. doi:10.1503/cmaj.201579. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 7773037. PMID 33431548.
  3. ^ Brooks, Adia A. (2012). "Black Negrophobia and Black Self-Empowerment: Afro-Descendant Responses to Societal Racism in São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XV: 2. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  4. ^ Rakotovao, Lucina; Simeoni, Michelle; Bennett-AbuAyyash, Caroline; Walji, Taheera; Abdi, Samiya (2024-06-28). "Addressing anti-Black racism within public health in North America: a scoping review". International Journal for Equity in Health. 23 (1): 128. doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02124-4. ISSN 1475-9276. PMC 11212177. PMID 38937746.
  5. ^ Gregory, Virgil L.; Clary, Kelly Lynn (2022-01-02). "Addressing Anti-Black Racism: The Roles of Social Work". Smith College Studies in Social Work. 92 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/00377317.2021.2008287. ISSN 0037-7317.
  6. ^ a b MacMaster, Neil (2001), MacMaster, Neil (ed.), "Anti-Black Racism in an Age of Total War", Racism in Europe 1870–2000, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 117–139, doi:10.1007/978-1-4039-4033-9_5, ISBN 978-1-4039-4033-9, retrieved 2024-07-21
  7. ^ Library, Web. "Guides: Anti-Black Racism: Definitions and Introductory Texts". libraryguides.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  8. ^ a b Shilliam, Robbie (2015). The Black Pacific: Anti-Colonial Struggles and Oceanic Connections (1 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. doi:10.5040/9781474218788.ch-003. ISBN 978-1-4742-1878-8.
  9. ^ a b Barwick, Daniel; Nayak, Anoop (2024-07-08). "The Transnationalism of the Black Lives Matter Movement: Decolonization and Mapping Black Geographies in Sydney, Australia". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 114 (7): 1587–1603. doi:10.1080/24694452.2024.2363782. ISSN 2469-4452.
  10. ^ Fredericks, Bronwyn; Bradfield, Abraham (2021-04-27). "'I'm Not Afraid of the Dark': White Colonial Fears, Anxieties, and Racism in Australia and Beyond". M/C Journal. 24 (2). doi:10.5204/mcj.2761. ISSN 1441-2616.
  11. ^ Gemeinhardt, April (2016-01-01). ""The Most Poisonous of All Diseases of Mind or Body": Colorphobia and the Politics of Reform". Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Anti-black, Adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7595464650.
  16. ^ "Anti-blackness, N." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4777283713.
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