Back Spilvennote van Weerstand Afrikaans محور المقاومة Arabic Müqavimət Oxu Azerbaijani Вось супраціву Byelorussian تەوەری بەرگری CKB Osa odporu Czech Achse des Widerstands German Άξονας της Αντίστασης Greek Eje de la Resistencia Spanish محور مقاومت Persian

Axis of Resistance

Axis of Resistance
Leaders
Group(s)Primary
List
Active regionsCurrently:
Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Northwestern Yemen, Gaza Strip
Formerly:
Syria
Ideology
Political positionBig tent
StatusActive unofficial military alliance
Allies
Allies
Opponents
Opponents

Non-state opponents

Former opponents
Battles and wars

The Axis of Resistance[a] is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militias and political organizations across the Middle East.[30] Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.[31][30]

It most notably includes the Lebanese Hezbollah, Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the Popular Mobilization Forces, the former Syrian government, and the Yemeni Houthi movement.[b] It sometimes[32][33] includes Hamas,[c] and a variety of other Palestinian militant groups.[34][35][36] The various actions of members of this axis reflect their domestic interests while serving the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel.[37] The United States designates most of these groups as terrorist organizations.[31] The coalition is also opposed to Sunni Salafist armed groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS.[38]

Until the fall of the Assad regime in 2024,[39] Syria has been the only state member beside Iran,[31] hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran.[40] The coalition has also conducted attacks on US forces in Iraq.[40][41] Through its Quds Force, a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran has provided extensive military and logistical support, with an estimated $700 million spent annually on these groups before sanctions affected its resources in 2019.[30][42][42]

The conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2024, beginning with the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press.[39] The network has suffered blows in the Israel–Hamas war[43][44] and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict.[43][39][45][31] Additionally, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's fall further disrupted the network.[39][44][46] The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.[44]

  1. ^ "The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan". Middle East Monitor. October 9, 2021. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Assad's Fall: Another Blow to Iran's Axis of Resistance". geopoliticalmonitor.com. 2024-12-10. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
  3. ^ "The Reshaping of Iran's Axis of Resistance". criticalthreats.org. 2024-12-10. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
  4. ^ "Fall of Assad 'another nail in the coffin' for Iran's Axis of Resistance". ABC News.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Iran Update, October 18, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 2023-10-18. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  6. ^ "The Nujaba Movement – the Movement of the Noble Ones: One of the dominant pro-Iranian militias in Iraq". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. May 14, 2023. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  7. ^ Dana Taib Menmy; Oliver Mizzi (8 November 2023). "Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?". The New Arab. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  8. ^ "سياسة - همام حمودي لوكالة ايرانية: المجلس الأعلى عاد إلى الإمام الخميني - سومر نيوز". Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  9. ^ "ظهرت الاحجام السياسية. الان بدأت معركة الأغلبية المطلقة. تشكيل الحكومة أم المعارك || قاسم متيرك". Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  10. ^ "شورش مهدی بلخابی؛ نبرد علیه طالب به رهبری طالب". ایندیپندنت فارسی. 19 August 2022.
  11. ^ Hussein Abou Saleh (2 November 2023). "Iran's 'axis of resistance': how Hamas and Tehran are attempting to galvanise their allies against Israel". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  12. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  13. ^ "Hamas quashes armed Shiite movement Sabireen in Gaza". Al-Monitor. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  14. ^ Jay Solomon (2017-11-27). "High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  15. ^ "Iranian press review: Venezuela part of 'Axis of Resistance', says Maduro". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  16. ^ Vivian Nereim (13 September 2023). "U.S. Deepens Security Pledge to Bahrain, an Adversary of Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  17. ^ "Palestinian Fatah group says Iran trying to spread chaos in West Bank". Reuters. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  18. ^ "IRAN'S SHADOW WAR ON ISIS". 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  19. ^ Nadimi, Farzim (10 September 2014). "Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  20. ^ Cafarella, Jennifer (2014). "Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda" (PDF). Middle East Security Report 25. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War: 8–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2022.
  21. ^ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Starr, Barbara (28 February 2017). "Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022.
  22. ^ a b "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  23. ^ "Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding". debka.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  24. ^ "Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria". Reuters. 2015-10-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  25. ^ Walsh, Declan (24 August 2017). "Qatar Restores Full Relations with Iran, Deepening Gulf Feud". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  27. ^ Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). "Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  28. ^ "UAE reopens Syria embassy in boost for Assad". Reuters. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  29. ^ "جبهه مقاومت". Khamenei.ir (in Persian).
  30. ^ a b c Al-Kassab, Fatima (26 October 2023). "What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). "Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails". The New York Times.
  32. ^ "Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  33. ^ "What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  34. ^ "Iran backs Assad as Syrian forces choke off Aleppo". Reuters. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  35. ^ "Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance'". CNN. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  36. ^ Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE" (PDF), International Crisis Group, 2 August 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
  37. ^ "IntelBrief: Differences Affect Iranian 'Axis of Resistance' Response to Mideast Crisis". INTELBRIEF. The Soufan Center. 21 November 2023.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Master of Iran's was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ a b c d "Analysis: Collapse of Syria's Assad is a blow to Iran's 'Axis of Resistance'". AP News. 2024-12-08. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  40. ^ a b J. Rubin, Alissa; Hubbard, Ben; Gamio, Lazaro (1 October 2024). "What to Know About the Axis of Resistance, the Iran-backed Militia Network". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Arango, Tim (13 Jan 2020). "Qassim Suleimani, Master of Iran's Intrigue, Built a Shiite Axis of Power in Mideast". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  42. ^ a b "What is Iran's axis of resistance?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  43. ^ a b "Will Iran Become More Dangerous After Assad's Ouster in Syria?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  44. ^ a b c Rubin, Alissa J. (2024-12-08). "With Assad's Fall, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Unravels". The New York Times.
  45. ^ "Iran Suffers Blow of 'Historic Proportions' With Assad's Fall". The Wall Street Journal. 2024-12-09.
  46. ^ "Fall of Assad in Syria deals serious blow to Iran's axis of resistance". The Washington Post. 2024-12-10.


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