Battle of Yinshan

Battle of Yinshan
	Part of Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks
Date	27 March 630 CE
Location	Yin Mountains, Inner Mongolia
Result	Decisive Tang victory, annexation of Eastern Turk by Tang
Belligerents
Tang dynasty	Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Commanders and leaders
Li Jing; Wei Xiaojie; Li Daozong; Chai Shao (柴紹); Xue Wanche (薛萬徹)	Illig Qaghan (Ashina Duobi)
Strength
20,000	40,000
Casualties and losses
Light	100,000 captured, 10,000+ dead

The Battle of Yinshan (Chinese: 陰山之戰; pinyin: Yīnshān zhī zhàn) was fought on 27 March 630 CE near the Yin mountain range close to the city of Dingxiang (定襄, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). Emperor Taizong (598-649) commissioned the famed Tang military officer Li Jing (李靖, 571–649), along with Li Shiji, Wei Xiaojie, Li Daozong, Chai Shao (柴紹), and Xue Wanche (薛萬徹) to attack forces under the command of Illig Qaghan (Ashina Duobi), leader of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (also known as the Göktürks),^[2] a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples based in Inner Asia.^[3] The battle ended in defeat for the Göktürks and resulted in the dissolution of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate,^[4] which was eventually replaced by the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Protectorate (安北都護府) in 647 CE after the Tang dynasty definitively conquered the Xueyantuo.

^ Emperor Taizong's biography in Old Book of Tang recorded that Li Jing defeated Illig Qaghan at Yinshan on the jia'chen day of the 2nd month of the 4th year of the Zhen'guan era ([贞观四年]春正月乙亥，定襄道行军总管李靖大破突厥，获隋皇后萧氏及炀帝之孙正道，送至京师。.....[二月]甲辰，李靖又破突厥于阴山，颉利可汗轻骑远遁。) Jiu Tang Shu, vol.03. The volume also recorded that Li Jing had defeated the Eastern Turks previously on 26 Feb, and recovered Emperor Yang's empress Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao; Li then sent them to the capital Chang'an. Emperor Taizong's biography in New Book of Tang recorded the same date for the Battle of Yinshan, but did not mention the recovery of Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao. Volume 193 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao reached Chang'an on 26 Feb ([贞观四年]春, 正月 ,...乙亥，至京师。), thus implying that the pair were recovered earlier in the year; Tongjian recorded the same date for the battle as the two Books of Tang.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 707. ISBN 9781438126760.
^ Graff, David A. (2016). The Eurasian Way of War: Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9781317237099.
^ Graff, David Andrew (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 9780415239554.

[1] Emperor Taizong's biography in Old Book of Tang recorded that Li Jing defeated Illig Qaghan at Yinshan on the jia'chen day of the 2nd month of the 4th year of the Zhen'guan era ([贞观四年]春正月乙亥，定襄道行军总管李靖大破突厥，获隋皇后萧氏及炀帝之孙正道，送至京师。.....[二月]甲辰，李靖又破突厥于阴山，颉利可汗轻骑远遁。) Jiu Tang Shu, vol.03. The volume also recorded that Li Jing had defeated the Eastern Turks previously on 26 Feb, and recovered Emperor Yang's empress Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao; Li then sent them to the capital Chang'an. Emperor Taizong's biography in New Book of Tang recorded the same date for the Battle of Yinshan, but did not mention the recovery of Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao. Volume 193 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Lady Xiao and Yang Zhengdao reached Chang'an on 26 Feb ([贞观四年]春, 正月 ,...乙亥，至京师。), thus implying that the pair were recovered earlier in the year; Tongjian recorded the same date for the battle as the two Books of Tang.

[Incorporated_2009_707-2] Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 707. ISBN 9781438126760.

[Graff_2016-3] Graff, David A. (2016). The Eurasian Way of War: Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9781317237099.

[4] Graff, David Andrew (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 9780415239554.

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Battle of Yinshan

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