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Bed bug

For other uses, see Bed bug (disambiguation).

Bed bug
Other namesCimicosis, bedbugs
An adult bed bug (Cimex lectularius) with the typical flattened oval shape
SpecialtyFamily medicine, dermatology
SymptomsNone to prominent blisters, itchiness[1][2]
Usual onsetMinutes to days after the bite[2]
CausesCimex (primarily Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus)[3]
Risk factorsTravel, second-hand furnishings[4]
Diagnostic methodBased on finding bed bugs and symptoms[5]
Differential diagnosisAllergic reaction, scabies, dermatitis herpetiformis[2]
TreatmentSymptomatic, bed bug eradication[2]
MedicationAntihistamines, corticosteroids[2]
FrequencyRelatively common[6]

Bed bugs are parasitic insects from the genus Cimex, which are micropredators that feed on blood, usually at night.[7] Their bites can result in a number of health impacts, including skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergic symptoms.[5] Bed bug bites may lead to skin changes ranging from small areas of redness to prominent blisters.[1][2] Symptoms may take between minutes to days to appear and itchiness is generally present.[2] Some individuals may feel tired or have a fever.[2] Typically, uncovered areas of the body are affected.[2] Their bites are not known to transmit any infectious disease.[5][7][8] Complications may rarely include areas of dead skin or vasculitis.[2]

Bed bug bites are caused primarily by two species of insects: Cimex lectularius (the common bed bug) and Cimex hemipterus, found primarily in the tropics.[3] Their size ranges between 1 and 7 mm.[7] They spread by crawling between nearby locations or by being carried within personal items.[2] Infestation is rarely due to a lack of hygiene but is more common in high-density areas.[2][9] Diagnosis involves both finding the bugs and the occurrence of compatible symptoms.[5] Bed bugs spend much of their time in dark, hidden locations like mattress seams, or cracks in a wall.[2]

Treatment is directed towards the symptoms.[2] Eliminating bed bugs from the home is often difficult, partly because bed bugs can survive up to approximately 300 days without feeding.[6][8] Repeated treatments of a home may be required.[2] These treatments may include heating the room to 50 °C (122 °F) for more than 90 minutes, frequent vacuuming, washing clothing at high temperatures, and the use of various pesticides.[2]

Fossils found in Egypt show bed bugs have been known as human parasites for at least 3,500 years.[10] Despite being nearly eradicated in developed countries after World War II, infestations have increased since the 1990s and bed bugs are now relatively common in all regions of the globe.[7][3][4][6] Experts point to several factors that have contributed to the explosion in infestations over the last three decades: increased immigration and international travel; expanded markets for second-hand goods; a greater focus on control of other pests; the banning of certain pesticides and increased resistance to pesticides still in use.[4][11][12]

  1. ^ a b James, William D., Berger, Timothy G., et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ibrahim O, Syed UM, Tomecki KJ (March 2017). "Bedbugs: Helping your patient through an infestation". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 84 (3): 207–211. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.15024. PMID 28322676.
  3. ^ a b c Jerome Goddard, Richard deShazo (2009). "Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites". Journal of the American Medical Association. 301 (13): 1358–1366. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.405. PMID 19336711.
  4. ^ a b c Kolb A, Needham GR, Neyman KM, High WA (2009). "Bedbugs". Dermatol Ther. 22 (4): 347–52. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x. PMID 19580578. S2CID 221648188.
  5. ^ a b c d Doggett SL, Russell R (November 2009). "Bed bugs – What the GP needs to know". Aust Fam Physician. 38 (11): 880–4. PMID 19893834.
  6. ^ a b c Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Peñas PF, Russell RC (January 2012). "Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (1): 164–92. doi:10.1128/CMR.05015-11. PMC 3255965. PMID 22232375.
  7. ^ a b c d "Bed Bugs FAQs". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 May 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Parola was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Hildreth CJ, Burke AE, Glass RM (April 2009). "JAMA patient page. Bed bugs". JAMA. 301 (13): 1398. doi:10.1001/jama.301.13.1398. PMID 19336718.
  10. ^ Panagiotakopulu E, Buckland PC (December 1999). "Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt". Antiquity. 73 (282): 908–911. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00065674. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162701508.
  11. ^ Jacobs A (27 November 2005). "Just Try to Sleep Tight. The Bedbugs Are Back". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  12. ^ Akhoundi M, Zumelzu C, Sereno D, Marteau A, Brun S, Jan J, et al. (5 July 2023). "Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): A Global Challenge for Public Health and Control Management". Diagnostics. 13 (13): 2281. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13132281. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 10340649. PMID 37443675.
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