Back ما وراء مبدأ اللذة Arabic Отвъд принципа на удоволствието Bulgarian Més enllà del principi de plaer Catalan Jenseits des Lustprinzips German Más allá del principio de placer Spanish Sealpool mõnuprintsiipi Estonian فراسوی اصل لذت Persian Au-delà du principe de plaisir French A halálösztön és az életösztönök Hungarian Al di là del principio di piacere Italian
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| Author | Sigmund Freud |
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| Original title | Jenseits des Lustprinzips |
| Language | German |
Publication date | 1920 |
| Publication place | Germany |
| Part of a series of articles on |
| Psychoanalysis |
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle (German: Jenseits des Lustprinzips) is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud. It marks a major turning point in the formulation of his drive theory, where Freud had previously attributed self-preservation in human behavior to the drives of Eros and the regulation of libido, governed by the pleasure principle. Revising this as inconclusive, Freud theorized beyond the pleasure principle, newly considering the death drives[1] (or Thanatos, the Greek personification of death[2]) which refers to the tendency towards destruction and annihilation, often expressed through behaviors such as aggression, repetition compulsion, and self-destructiveness.[3]
- ^ Freud used the plural "death drives" (Todestriebe) more often than in the singular.
- ^ David, Karen Kate (2009). "Parthanatos, a messenger of death". Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition). 14 (3): 1116–1128. doi:10.2741/3297. ISSN 1093-9946. PMC 4450718. PMID 19273119.
- ^ Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (London, 1975) pp. 399-400.