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In trait theory, the Big Five personality traits (sometimes known as the five-factor model of personality or OCEAN or CANOE models) are a group of five characteristics used to study personality:[1]
- openness to experience, intellect, or imagination (imaginative/philosophical vs. uncreative/unintellectual)
- conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. haphazard/careless)
- extraversion or surgency (bold/energetic vs. shy/bashful)
- agreeableness (sympathetic/cooperative vs. cold/harsh)
- neuroticism or low emotional stability (moody/nervous vs. relaxed/calm)[2]
The Big Five traits did not arise from studying an existing theory of personality, but rather, they were an empirical finding in early lexical studies that English personality-descriptive adjectives clustered together under factor analysis into five unique factors.[3][4] The factor analysis indicates that these five factors can be measured, but further studies have suggested revisions and critiques of the model. Cross-language studies have found a sixth Honesty-Humility factor, suggesting a replacement by the HEXACO model of personality structure.[5] A study of short-form constructs found that the agreeableness and openness constructs were ill-defined in a larger population, suggesting that these traits should be dropped and replaced by more specific dimensions. In addition, the labels such as "neuroticism" are ill-fitting, and the traits are more properly thought of as unnamed dimensions, "Factor A", "Factor B", and so on.[6]
Despite these issues with its formulation, the five-factor approach has been enthusiastically and internationally embraced, becoming central to much of contemporary personality research. Many subsequent factor analyses, variously formulated and expressed in a variety of languages, have repeatedly reported the finding of five largely similar factors. The five-factor approach has been portrayed as a fruitful, scientific achievement―a fundamental advance in the understanding of human personality. Some have claimed that the five factors of personality are "an empirical fact, like the fact that there are seven continents on earth and eight American Presidents from Virginia". Others such as Jack Block have expressed concerns over the uncritical acceptance of the approach.[7]
- ^ Roccas, Sonia; Sagiv, Lilach; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Knafo, Ariel (2002). "The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (6): 789–801. doi:10.1177/0146167202289008. S2CID 144611052.
- ^ Goldberg LR (1992). "The development of markers for the Big-five factor structure". Psychological Assessment. 4 (1): 26–42. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26. S2CID 144709415.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
notbasicwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ashton MC, Lee K, Goldberg LR (November 2004). "A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 87 (5): 707–21. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.707. PMID 15535781.
- ^ Ashton MC, Lee K, de Vries RE (May 2014). "The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: a review of research and theory". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 18 (2): 139–52. doi:10.1177/1088868314523838. PMID 24577101. S2CID 38312803.
- ^ Smith, Michael L.; Hamplová, Dana; Kelley, Jonathan; Evans, M.D.R. (June 2021). "Concise survey measures for the Big Five personality traits". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. 73: 100595. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100595.
- ^ Block J (2010). "The five-factor framing of personality and beyond: Some ruminations". Psychological Inquiry. 21 (1): 2–25. doi:10.1080/10478401003596626. S2CID 26355524.