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Bourguibism (Arabic: البورقيبية al-Būrqībiyah, French: bourguibisme) refers to the policies of Habib Bourguiba, the first President of Tunisia, and his followers.
Bourguibism is defined by a strong commitment to national independence and specifically Tunisian nationalism (as opposed to pan-Maghrebi or pan-Arab ideas),[1][2] a state capitalist approach on economic development,[3][4] welfare state,[5] a statist and corporatist interpretation of populism,[6] strict secularism,[7] and cultural modernity, advocating Tunisia's place as a bridge between Arab-Islamic and Western civilisation.[8]> While Bourguibists condemned Tunisians who had collaborated with the French colonial rulers,[9] they did not repress the strong European cultural influence on Tunisia and French continued to be the language of higher education and elite culture.[10] Bourguibism is sometimes described as a variety of Kemalism but with focus on the Tunisian identity.[11]
As a political style or strategy, Bourguibism is characterised by intransigence in pursuing certain goals and non-negotiable principles combined with flexibility in negotiations and readiness to compromise considering the means to effectuate them.[12] It is therefore described as pragmatic, non-ideological, moderate, and reformist rather than revolutionary, but determined and relentless at the same time.[13][14] For example, despite being decidedly secularist, Bourguiba made sure to curtail the public role of Islam only carefully and gradually, in order not to arouse opposition from conservative Muslims.[10]
- ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. pp. 100–101.
- ^ Hudson, Michael C. (1977). Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. Yale University Press. p. 385.
- ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. pp. 7, 112.
- ^ Ayubi, Nazih N. (2009). Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris. p. 212.
- ^ Cassarino, Jean-Pierre (2004). Participatory Development and Liberal Reforms in Tunisia: The Gradual Incorporation of Some Economic Networks. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 229.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Podeh, Elie; Winckler, Onn. Introduction: Nasserism as a Form of Populism. p. 27.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Hudson, Michael C. (1977). Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. Yale University Press. pp. 380–381.
- ^ Voll, John Obert (1994). Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Second ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 331.
- ^ Angrist, Michele Penner (2006). Party Building in the Modern Middle East. University of Washington Press. p. 112.
- ^ a b Esposito, John L.; Voll, John O. (2001). Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
- ^ Steve A. Cook (12 November 2014). "Tunisia: First Impressions". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ^ Moore, Clement Henry (1965). Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. p. 111.
- ^ Steel, Ronals, ed. (1967). North Africa. The Reference Shelf. Vol. 38. H. W. Wilson Co. p. 104.