Brazilian War of Independence

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Brazilian War of Independence
Part of the decolonization of the Americas
The Portuguese Cortes; Portuguese troops in Brazil, Pedro I on board the frigate União; Pedro I declares the Independence of Brazil, Pedro I crowned Emperor of Brazil.
Date 1 August 1822[1] – 29 August 1825[2] (3 years and 4 weeks) Location Brazil (including what is now Uruguay) Result Brazilian victory Treaty of Rio de Janeiro
Belligerents
Empire of Brazil	Kingdom of Portugal
Commanders and leaders
Pedro I Joaquim Curado Baron of Laguna Viscount of Majé [pt] Viscount of Pirajá [pt] Thomas Cochrane John Pascoe Grenfell Pierre Labatut	John VI Madeira de Melo Jorge de Avilez Luís Barreto Cunha Fidié [pt] Álvaro de Macedo [pt] Luís d'Oliveira [pt] José de Moura
Units involved
Imperial Army Imperial Navy Brazilian militia	Portuguese Army Portuguese Navy
Strength
Army and militia:[3] ~30,000–40,000 Navy:[4] 28 ships (1823) 48 ships (1824) 65 ships (1825) Marines:[5] 3,000	Army:[3] ~20,000 Navy: 55 ships
Casualties and losses
3,000–5,000 killed[6] 6,000–10,000 wounded and captured[6] 62 Portuguese ships captured[7]

The Brazilian War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência do Brasil) was an armed conflict that led to the separation of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The war was fought across various regions of Brazil, including Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Piauí, and Cisplatina (present-day Uruguay), with naval battles occurring along the Atlantic coast. Brazilian forces, consisting of regular troops, local militias, and a hastily assembled fleet, defeated the Portuguese garrisons to establish the Empire of Brazil under emperor Pedro I. The war formally ended with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro in 1825, in which Portugal recognized Brazil's independence.

After the outbreak of the Liberal Revolution in 1820, which forced king John VI to return to Portugal in 1821 after more than a decade in Rio de Janeiro, tensions between local Brazilian elites and the Portuguese Cortes arose. During his stay in Brazil, John VI had elevated the colony to the status of a kingdom in union with Portugal. The changes allowed Brazil to have its own government institutions and directly trade with the rest of the world, which many elites sought to preserve. Efforts by the Portuguese Cortes to restore Brazil to its former colonial status and reduce its political autonomy were met with resistance in various provinces. The tensions culminated in prince regent Pedro of Braganza's proclamation of independence on 7 September 1822, in what became known as the Cry of Ipiranga. Northern provinces, such as Bahia, Maranhão, and Pará, which maintained stronger ties with Portugal than the government in Rio de Janeiro, resisted Brazilian sovereignty, with Portuguese garrisons keeping control of key cities such as Salvador, São Luís, Belém, and Montevideo, in the South.

Under the command of French general Pierre Labatut, supported by British admiral Thomas Cochrane at sea, the Brazilian Army, consisting of regular troops, militia, and volunteers, gradually isolated the Portuguese forces in Bahia, where the siege of Salvador ended with the surrender of approximately 10,000 Portuguese troops on 2 July 1823. On the northern front, Cochrane secured the surrender of Maranhão and Pará. Troops were recruited from various provinces and social classes, and also included slaves who were promised freedom in exchange for military service. The Brazilian Army faced logistical difficulties, poor training, and internal disputes between commanders, particularly in the early stages of the war. In turn, the Imperial Navy disrupted Portuguese supply lines, prevented the arrival of reinforcements from Europe, and captured several enemy vessels. In total, Brazilian troops numbered between 30,000 and 40,000 men, while Portuguese ones numbered around 20,000.

The conflict officially ended with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, mediated by the United Kingdom, in which Brazil committed to paying Portugal an indemnity of 2 million pounds and grant trade privileges to Britain. Through the war, Brazil secured its territorial unity and established itself as a constitutional monarchy, in contrast with the fragmented neighboring republics that emerged from the Spanish American Wars of Independence.