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The Brumalia (Latin: Brumalia [bruːˈmaːlia]) were a winter solstice festival celebrated in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.[1][2] In Rome there had been the minor holiday of Bruma on November 24, which turned into large scale end of the year festivities in Constantinople and Christianity. The festival included night-time feasting, drinking, and merriment. During this time, prophetic indications were taken as predictions for the remainder of the winter. Despite the 6th century emperor Justinian's official repression of paganism,[3][4][5] the holiday was celebrated at least until the 11th century, as recorded by Christopher of Mytilene.[6] No references exist after the 1204 sacking of the capital by the Fourth Crusade.
- ^ "The Brumalia are attested only in Byzantium", Graf F., Roman Festivals in the Greek East From the Early Empire to the Middle Byzantine Era, Cambridge UP 2015, p.201
- ^ Les Brumalia sont une fête byzantine connue essentiellement a Constantinople, Perpillou-Thomas, Francoise, Les Brumalia d'Apion II, Tyche–Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik 8 (1993), p.107.
- ^ Mazza 2011, pp. 172–193.
- ^ John the Lydian 2009.
- ^ Crawford 1914.
- ^ Livanos, Christopher; Bernard, Floris (2018). The Poems of Christopher of Mytilene and John Mauropous. Harvard University Press. p. 253.
Poem 115, titled: To his friend Nikephoros, who had sent him cakes around the time of the Broumalia