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The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point of the seabed of Earth, located in the western Pacific Ocean at the southern end of the Mariana Trench, in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia.
The GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names indicates that the feature is situated at 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E and has a maximum depth of 10,920 ± 10 m (35,827 ± 33 ft) below sea level.[1] A subsequent study revised the value to 10,935 ± 6 m (35,876 ± 20 ft) at a 95% confidence interval.[2] However, both the precise geographic location and depth remain ambiguous, with contemporary measurements ranging from 10,903 to 11,009 m (35,771 to 36,119 ft).[3]
The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ships HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–1876 first located it, and HMS Challenger II, whose expedition of 1950–1952 established its record-setting depth.[4] The first descent by any vehicle was conducted by the United States Navy using the bathyscaphe Trieste in January 1960. As of July 2022[update], there were 27 people who have descended to the Challenger Deep.
- ^ "IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, August 2011 version". GEBCO. August 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Greenaway, Samuel F.; Sullivan, Kathryn D.; Umfress, S. Harper; Beittel, Alice B.; Wagner, Karl D. (26 October 2021). "Revised depth of the Challenger Deep from submersible transects; including a general method for precise, pressure-derived depths in the ocean". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 178. Bibcode:2021DSRI..17803644G. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103644. ISSN 0967-0637.
- ^ Loranger, Scott; Barclay, David; Buckingham, Michael (19 April 2021). "Implosion in the Challenger Deep: Echo Sounding with the Shock Wave". Oceanography. 34 (2): 156–165. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2021.201. hdl:1912/27739. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ Gaskell, Thomas F (1960). Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. pp. 24–25.