Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram Cheraman Perumals | |
|---|---|
| c. 844 CE–c. 1124 CE | |
 Chera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the Chola Empire | |
| Capital |
|
| Common languages | |
| Religion | Hinduism (majority) |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Cheraman Perumal | |
• c. 844—870 (earliest recorded) | Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara |
• c. 905—943 | Goda Ravi |
• 962—1021 | Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya |
• c. 1089—1124 (last) | Rama Kulasekhara |
| Establishment | c. 844 CE |
| History | |
• Established | c. 844 CE |
• Disestablished | c. 1124 CE |
| Today part of | Kerala (majority) |
Cheraman Perumal dynasty, also known as the Perumal dynasty of Kerala, or Chera Perumals of Makotai or Mahodayapuram[1][2][a] (fl. c. 844–1124 CE), were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, South India.[4] Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Kodungallur in central Kerala.[5][6][7] Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day Quilon and Quilandy, but later extended to up to Chandragiri river in north Kerala and to Nagercoil in the south.
The medieval Cheras claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India.[8] Present-day central Kerala probably detached from larger Kongu Chera or Kerala kingdom (around 8th-9th century CE) to form the Chera Perumal kingdom.[9] The exact relationship between the two branches of the Chera family is not known to scholars.[10] The Chera Perumals are often described as the members of Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race).[10]
The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its revenue from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East.[1][11] The port of Kollam, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia.[12] Nambudiri-Brahmin settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to Chera state.[1][13] The Cheraman Perumals are known for employing mostly a single script (Vattezhuthu Script) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala.[14]
- ^ a b c Thapar, Romila (2003) [2002]. "The Peninsula: Emerging Regional Kingdoms". The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books. pp. 331–32.
- ^ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.
- ^ "Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam". www.muzirisheritage.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.
- ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in South-Indian Horizons, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 80-81.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 364-65.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 382-83.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 379-80.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:03was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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