Back Vətəndaş, türkcə danış! Azerbaijani Welatdar Tırki qal ke! DIQ Πολίτη, μίλα Τουρκικά! Greek Kansalainen, puhu turkkia! Finnish Հայրենակից, թուրքերեն խոսի՛ր Armenian Hemwelatno, bi tirkî bipeyivin! Kurdish Гражданин, говори по-турецки! Russian Vatandaş Türkçe konuş! Turkish 公民們，說土耳其語！ Chinese
The Citizen, speak Turkish! (Turkish: Vatandaş, Türkçe konuş!) campaign was a Turkish government-funded initiative created by law students which aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] in the 1930s and onwards. In some municipalities, fines were given to those speaking in any language other than Turkish.[4][8][9][10][11][12] The campaign has been considered by some authors as a significant contribution to Turkey's sociopolitical process of Turkification.[1][2][9]
- ^ a b Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781845111410. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ a b Ertürk, Nergis (19 October 2011). Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199746682.
- ^ Toktas, Sule (2005). "Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority". Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x. S2CID 59138386. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ a b Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı; Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780231700528.
- ^ Bozdoǧan, Sibel; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007). Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004163201.
- ^ Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 13 (2). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group: 245–272. doi:10.1080/13537110701293500. S2CID 144367148.
- ^ Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (23 February 2011). Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195393743.
- ^ Soner, Çağaptay (2006). Otuzlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Irk, Dil ve Etnisite (in Turkish). Istanbul. pp. 25–26.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Bali, Rifat N. (1999). Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni ; (1923 - 1945) (in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–147. ISBN 9789754707632.
- ^ İnce, Başak (15 June 2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. ISBN 9781780760261. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023680.
- ^ Ferhad Ibrahim, ed. (2000). The Kurdish conflict in Turkey : obstacles and chances for peace and democracy. Münster: Lit [u.a.] ISBN 9780312236298.