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A crannog[1][2][3] (/ˈkrænəɡ/; Irish: crannóg [ˈkɾˠan̪ˠoːɡ]; Scottish Gaelic: crannag [ˈkʰɾan̪ˠak]) is typically a partially or entirely artificial island, usually constructed in lakes, bogs and estuarine waters of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Unlike the prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, which were built on shores and not inundated until later, crannogs were built in the water, thus forming artificial islands.
Humans have inhabited crannogs over five millennia, from the European Neolithic Period[4] to as late as the 17th/early-18th centuries.[3] In Scotland there is no convincing evidence in the archaeological record of their use in the Early or Middle Bronze Age or in the Norse period. The radiocarbon dating obtained from key sites such as Oakbank and Redcastle indicates at a 95.4 per cent confidence level that they date to the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. The date ranges fall after around 800 BC and so could be considered Late Bronze Age by only the narrowest of margins.[3][5]
Some crannogs apparently involved free-standing wooden structures, as at Loch Tay,[3] although more commonly they are composed of brush, stone or timber mounds that can be revetted with timber piles. In areas such as the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, timber was unavailable from the Neolithic era onwards.[6] As a result, crannogs made completely of stone and supporting drystone architecture are common there.[7]
- ^ O'Sullivan, A. (2000). Crannogs: Lake Dwellings of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Treasure Series.
- ^ Lynn, C. J. (1983). "Some 'early' ring forts and crannogs". Journal of Irish Archaeology. 1: 47–58.
- ^ a b c d Dixon, Nicholas (2004). The Crannogs of Scotland: An underwater archaeology. Tempus Publishing, Limited. ISBN 0-7524-3151-X.
- ^ Armit, Ian (2003). "The Drowners: permanence and transience in the Hebridean Neolithic". In Armit, I.; Murphy, E.; Simpson, D. (eds.). Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxford: Oxbow.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Henderson 1998was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Edwards, K. J.; Ralston, I., eds. (1997). Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–1000 AD. New York: Wiley & Sons.
- ^ Armit, Ian (1996). The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press.