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| Cryptosporidiosis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Micrograph showing cryptosporidiosis. The cryptosporidium are the small, round bodies in apical vacuoles on the surface of the epithelium. H&E stain. Colonic biopsy. | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever |
| Causes | Cryptosporidium infection |
| Risk factors | Immunocompromisation |
| Prevention | Avoid contaminated water |
| Treatment | Nitazoxanide |
Cryptosporidiosis, sometimes informally called crypto,[1] is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent (i.e., individuals with a normal functioning immune system) and immunocompromised (e.g., persons with HIV/AIDS or autoimmune disorders) individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough.[2] In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water;[2][3] recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fomites contaminated with respiratory secretions.[2] Cryptosporidium is commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea.[4][5]
The organism was first described in 1907 by Tyzzer, who recognised it was a coccidian.[6]
On January 8, 2025, a group of scientists from the Cryptosporidiosis Therapeutics Advocacy Group (CTAG) released an article in the newsletter Global Health NOW advocating for Cryptosporidiosis to be raised to the status of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO).[7]
- ^ "Cryptosporidiosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2009.
- ^ a b c Sponseller JK, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S (2014). "The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27 (3): 575–86. doi:10.1128/CMR.00115-13. PMC 4135895. PMID 24982322.
Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. ... Upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis may cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, and trachea, accompanied by nasal discharge and voice change (54, 61, 62). Cryptosporidiosis of the lower respiratory tract typically results in productive cough, dyspnea, fever, and hypoxemia (63,–66). ... While fecal-oral transmission is indisputably the major route of infection, transmission via coughing and fomites is also possible in situations of close contact (20). ... Because they lacked gastrointestinal symptoms and oocyst excretion, the latter cases establish the possibility of primary respiratory infection with Cryptosporidium, which may have been acquired by inhalation of expectorated droplets or by contact with fomites. ... This finding suggests that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent individuals.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CDC risk factorswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Wang, Ze-Dong; Liu, Quan; Liu, Huan-Huan; Li, Shuang; Zhang, Li; Zhao, Yong-Kun; Zhu, Xing-Quan (9 January 2018). "Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2558-x. PMC 5759777. PMID 29316950.
- ^ Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Safarpour, Hanie; Xiao, Lihua; Zarean, Mehdi; Hatam-Nahavandi, Kareem; Barac, Aleksandra; Picot, Stephane; Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi; Rubino, Salvatore; Mahami-Oskouei, Mahmoud; Spotin, Adel; Nami, Sanam; Baghi, Hossein Bannazadeh (2020). "Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasite. 27: 27. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020025. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7191976. PMID 32351207.
- ^ Xiao, L.; Fayer, R.; Ryan, U.; Upton, S. J. (2004). "Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (1): 72–97. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 321466. PMID 14726456.
- ^ "The Most Neglected NTD: Cryptosporidiosis | Global Health NOW". globalhealthnow.org. Retrieved 9 January 2025.