Back Polnische Dialekte German Дијалекти во полскиот јазик Macedonian Dialekty języka polskiego Polish Диалекты польского языка Russian Діалекти польської мови Ukrainian
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- Dialekt wielkopolski – Greater Poland dialect group
- Dialekt małopolski – Lesser Poland dialect group
- Dialekt mazowiecki – Masovian dialect group
- Dialekty mieszane – Mixed dialects
- Nowe dialekty mieszane – New mixed dialects
- Śląski – Silesian[a]
- Kaszubski – Kashubian
Polish dialects are regional vernacular varieties of the Polish language, and often show developments starting from an earlier stage of the language, often Old Polish or Middle Polish, namely the development of the so-called "pitched" or "slanted" vowels (Polish samogłoski pochylone).
Four major dialect groups (termed dialekt) are typically recognized, each primarily associated with a particular geographical region, and often further subdivided into dialects (termed gwara in Polish).[1][2] They are:
- Greater Polish, spoken in the west
- Lesser Polish, spoken in the south and southeast
- Goral, spoken in the mountains on the Poland-Slovakia border
- Masovian, spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country
- Silesian[3][4] spoken in the southwest (sometimes also considered a separate language)
The regional differences correspond mainly to old ethnic or tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago. As a result of 19th century measures taken by occupying powers, expulsions plus other displacements of Poles during and after World War II, as well as language policy in the Polish People's Republic, supplemented by broadcast media, the Polish language has become extremely homogeneous. In the modern day, dialectal variation can be found among mostly older generations.
Traditionally two additional dialect groups were treated alongside the aforementioned, adding to a total of six.[5] These varieties have been put at risk of extinction due to historic geopolitical population movements. They are:
- Northern Kresy, spoken along the border between Lithuania and Belarus[6]
- Southern Kresy, spoken in isolated pockets in Ukraine[6]
Often the usage of dialects are avoided due to negative associations and low prestige, and as such, there is often a preference for Standard Polish, and many dialects are slowly being abandoned, and instead regionalisms within Standard Polish are more common. However, some dialects are still widely used.[7][8]
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- ^ Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. P. 530.
- ^ Robert A. Rothstein (1994). "Polish". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 754–756.
- ^ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 105.
- ^ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 128.
- ^ Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Z przeszłości i teraźniejszości języka polskiego (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. p. 726. ISBN 978-83-242-0691-9.
- ^ a b Karaś, Halina (2010). "Kresowe odmiany polszczyzny". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Karaś, Halina (2010). "3.4. Stan, sytuacja i perspektywy dialektów i gwar ludowych". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Wronicz, Jadwiga. "Status gwary w języku polskim". Socjolingwistyka (in Polish). XXX. ISSN 0208-6808.