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Rusyn national awakening (Rusyn: русиньске народне возроджіня, rusyn'ske narodne vozrodzhinya) was a process that shaped the national identity, culture, and literature of the Rusyn people within Austria-Hungary between the 1840s and 1890s. Its leaders sought to inspire national consciousness among the population living in the northeastern borderlands of Hungary and to promote greater autonomy for the Rusyn nation within the Hungarian kingdom. These leaders, known as national awakeners, were primarily educated clergy, politicians, and writers.
Unlike other Slavic national revivals, where most awakeners embraced nationalism, Rusyn awakeners were divided by the influences they supported. Russophiles advocated for the integration of Rusyns into the Russian nation, with prominent figures such as Alexander Dukhnovych, Alexander Pavlovich, and, in his later years, Adolf Dobriansky. In contrast, Rusynophiles emphasized the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of the Rusyns in relation to other Slavic peoples, represented by figures like Mikhail Luchkay, Victor Dobriansky, and Yuri Žatkovich. The dominance of Russophiles during this period hindered the development of a standardized Rusyn literary language, focusing instead on fostering national awareness among the Rusyn population.
The revival was preceded by a brief Rusyn Enlightenment. Key figures of this period included Bishop Andriy Bachinskyi, who implemented educational reforms in Subcarpathian Rus, introducing Rusyn as a language of instruction in schools. Toward the end of his life, Bachinskyi established a diocesan archive and library, which fostered a circle of Rusyn intellectuals, including Ioannikii Bazilovich, Ioann Kutka, Arsenii Kotsak, and Ioann Pastelii.[1][2][3]
The Rusyn National Revival began in the 1830s and reached its political peak during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849. Adolf Dobriansky led delegations that twice presented memoranda to Emperor Franz Joseph I, seeking recognition of the Rusyns as a distinct nation within Hungary. While these efforts achieved some short-term political success, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 marked the decline of political activism within the revival movement.
Literary activities during the revival were more enduring. Through the efforts of literary societies, numerous historiographical, didactic, and poetic works were produced, with Alexander Dukhnovych playing a leading role. However, Dukhnovych’s preference for the Russian language and the constructed hybrid language known as Iazychie over a standardized Rusyn literary language influenced his contemporaries, who followed his example.
The end of the Rusyn National Revival is generally placed in the late 1890s, coinciding with the onset of large-scale emigration to North America and increased Magyarization in Hungary. The last purely revivalist works were produced by figures such as Eugen Fencik and the so-called Magyarons, a group of Rusyn intellectuals aligned with Hungarian culture, who published the weekly Kelet.
Following the conclusion of the revival, extensive emigration to the United States and Canada ensued, followed by a renewed phase of Rusyn political activity after the incorporation of Subcarpathian Rus into Czechoslovakia.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest ; New York: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-615-5053-46-7.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1978). The shaping of a national identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948. Harvard Ukrainian series. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-80579-8.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert; Kopecký, Miloslav; Pad̕ak, Valerij (2014). Národ odnikud: ilustrované dějiny karpatských Rusínů (in Czech). Užhorod: Pad̕aka. ISBN 978-966-387-092-2.