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Dravidian peoples

For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation).

Dravidians
Geographic
distribution		South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia, mainly South India and Sri Lanka
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Dravidian
Subdivisions
  • Northern
  • Central
  • Southern
Language codes
ISO 639-2 / 5dra
Linguasphere49 = (phylozone)
Glottologdrav1251
Distribution of subgroups of Dravidian languages:
Dravidian people
Dravidian speakers in South Asia
Total population
approx. 250 million
Languages
Dravidian languages
Religion
Predominantly Hinduism, Dravidian folk religion and others: Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism
Part of a series on
Dravidian culture and history
Origin
Indus Valley Civilisation Keezhadi excavation site
History
Dravidian dynasties
Culture
Language
Religion
Regions
People
Politics

The Dravidian peoples, Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians, are a collection of ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia who speak Dravidian languages. There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages.[1] Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of South India and are natively found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan,[2] Bangladesh,[3] the Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan[citation needed] and Sri Lanka.[4] Dravidian peoples are also present in Singapore, Mauritius, Malaysia, France, South Africa, Myanmar, East Africa, the Caribbean, and the United Arab Emirates through recent migration.

Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE",[5] after which it branched into various Dravidian languages.[6] South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.[7]

The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate".[8] They are regarded as indigenous to the Indian subcontinent,[9][10][11] but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from Western Asia, specifically from the Iranian plateau.[12][13][14][15][16] Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the Indus Valley civilisation,[8][16][17] hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE,[18][19] some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers,[20] with whom they intensively interacted.[21] Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE[22][23] or even earlier,[24][25] reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India.[26][27]

Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily Iranian hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers are primarily composed of Ancient South Indian hunter-gatherer ancestry and varying levels of Indus Valley Civilisation ancestry, but also carry a small portion of Western Steppe Herder ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherer groups.[28][29][30]

The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like Pandya, Chola, Chera, Pallava, Satavahana, Chalukya, Kakatiya and Rashtrakuta. Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade,[31] and the cultural Indianisation of the region.

Dravidian visual art is dominated by stylised temple architecture in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple located in Indian state of Tamil Nadu is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2).[32]

  1. ^ Steever, S.B., ed. (2019). The Dravidian languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1. doi:10.4324/9781315722580. ISBN 9781315722580. S2CID 261720917.
  2. ^ Louis, Rosenblatt; Steever, Sanford B. (15 April 2015). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-136-91164-4. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  3. ^ Razaul Karim Faquire (2010). "Language situation in Bangladesh". The Dhaka University Studies. 67 (2): 7. ISSN 1562-7195. OCLC 11674036.
  4. ^ Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (26 April 2001). Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-521-77939-5. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  5. ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 501.
  6. ^ History and Archaeology, Volume 1, Issues 1–2 p.234, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad
  7. ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 501–502.
  8. ^ a b Tudu 2008, p. 400
  9. ^ Avari, Burjor (2007). Ancient India: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-134-25162-9.
  10. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1989). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  11. ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005) [First published 2000]. Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (2nd ed.). Cambridge University. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-521-84316-4.
  12. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi & Piazza 1994, pp. 221–222.
  13. ^ Kumar, Dhavendra (2004). Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent. Springer. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-1215-0. Retrieved 25 November 2008. ... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...
  14. ^ Kivisild 1999, p. 1333.
  15. ^ Parpola 2015, p. 17.
  16. ^ a b Samuel 2008, p. 54 note 15.
  17. ^ Parpola 2015.
  18. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2018, p. 15.
  19. ^ Marris, Emma (3 March 2014). "200-Year Drought Doomed Indus Valley Civilization". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14800. S2CID 131063035 – via Scientific American.
  20. ^ Razab Khan, The Dravidianization of India
  21. ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (8 July 2015). "Dravidian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  22. ^ Tamil Literature Society (1963), Tamil Culture, vol. 10, Academy of Tamil Culture, archived from the original on 9 April 2023, retrieved 25 November 2008, ... together with the evidence of archaeology would seem to suggest that the original Dravidian-speakers entered India from Iran in the fourth millennium BC ...
  23. ^ Andronov 2003, p. 299.
  24. ^ Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India", Journal of Genetics, 80 (3), Springer India: 125–35, doi:10.1007/BF02717908, PMID 11988631, S2CID 13267463, ... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ...
  25. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2004), Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-1215-2, archived from the original on 9 April 2023, retrieved 25 November 2008, ... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...
  26. ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 15.
  27. ^ Avari 2007, p. 13.
  28. ^ Reich et al. 2009.
  29. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
  30. ^ Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
  31. ^ Angela Schottenhammer, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, p.293
  32. ^ "Tiruvarangam Divya Desam".
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