Back حصة دروب Arabic Droopova kvóta Czech Droop-Quote German Cociente Droop Spanish Droopi kvoot Estonian سهمینه Persian Droop-kvóta Hungarian Kuota Droop ID Друпова квота Macedonian Droop kvote NB
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In the study of electoral systems, the Droop quota (sometimes called the Hagenbach-Bischoff, Britton, or Newland-Britton quota[1][a]) is the minimum number of votes a party or candidate needs to receive in a district to guarantee they will win at least one seat.[3][4]
The Droop quota is used to extend the concept of a majority to multiwinner elections, taking the place of the 50% bar in single-winner elections. Just as any candidate with more than half of all votes is guaranteed to be declared the winner in single-seat election, any candidate with more than a Droop quota's worth of votes is guaranteed to win a seat in a multiwinner election.[4]
Besides establishing winners, the Droop quota is used to define the number of excess votes, i.e. votes not needed by a candidate who has been declared elected. In proportional quota-based systems such as STV or expanding approvals, these excess votes can be transferred to other candidates to preventing them from being wasted.[4]
The Droop quota was first suggested by the English lawyer and mathematician Henry Richmond Droop (1831–1884) as an alternative to the Hare quota.[4]
Today, the Droop quota is used in almost all STV elections, including those in Australia,[5] the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Malta.[6] It is also used in South Africa to allocate seats by the largest remainder method.[7][8]
Although common, the quota's use in proportional representation has been criticized both for its bias toward large parties[9] and for its ability to create no-show paradoxes, situations where a candidate or party loses a seat as a result of having won too many votes. This occurs regardless of whether the quota is used with largest remainders[10] or STV.[11]
- ^ Lundell, Jonathan; Hill, ID (October 2007). "Notes on the Droop quota" (PDF). Voting Matters (24): 3–6.
- ^ Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2017). "Quota Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Rank". Proportional Representation. pp. 95–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_5. ISBN 978-3-319-64706-7.
- ^ "Droop Quota", The Encyclopedia of Political Science, 2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20037 United States: CQ Press, 2011, doi:10.4135/9781608712434.n455, ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0, retrieved 2024-05-03
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b c d Droop, Henry Richmond (1881). "On methods of electing representatives" (PDF). Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 44 (2): 141–196 [Discussion, 197–202] [33 (176)]. doi:10.2307/2339223. JSTOR 2339223. Reprinted in Voting matters Issue 24 (October 2007) pp. 7–46.
- ^ "Proportional Representation Voting Systems of Australia's Parliaments". Electoral Council of Australia & New Zealand. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024.
- ^ "Electoral Commission of Malta". electoral.gov.mt. Retrieved 2025-01-20.
- ^ Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2014). Proportional representation : apportionment methods and their applications. Internet Archive. Cham ; New York : Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-03855-1.
- ^ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: South African National Assembly 2014 General". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
pukelsheim-2017-biaswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Dančišin, Vladimír (2017-01-01). "No-show paradox in Slovak party-list proportional system". Human Affairs. 27 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1515/humaff-2017-0002. ISSN 1337-401X.
- ^ Ray, Dipankar (1983-07-01). "Hare's voting scheme and negative responsiveness". Mathematical Social Sciences. 4 (3): 301–303. doi:10.1016/0165-4896(83)90032-X. ISSN 0165-4896.
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