Elasmotherium

Elasmotherium Temporal range: Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene, 7–0.039 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstructed E. caucasicum skeleton, Azov Museum of History, Archaeology and Palaeontology
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Subfamily:	†Elasmotheriinae
Genus:	†Elasmotherium Fischer, 1808[1]
Type species
†Elasmotherium sibiricum Fischer, 1809
Other Species
†E. caucasicum Borissiak, 1914 †E. chaprovicum Shvyreva, 2004 †E. peii Chow, 1958 †E. primigenium Sun et al., 2021
Approximate range map for Elasmotherium
Synonyms
Stereoceros Enigmatherium E. fischeri = E. sibiricum E. inexpectatum = E. caucasicum

Elasmotherium is an extinct genus of large rhinoceros that lived in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and East Asia during Late Miocene through to the Late Pleistocene, with the youngest reliable dates of at least 39,000 years ago. It was the last surviving member of Elasmotheriinae, a distinctive group of rhinoceroses separate from the group that contains living rhinoceros (Rhinocerotinae).^[2]

Five species are recognised. The genus first appeared in the Late Miocene in present-day China, likely having evolved from Sinotherium, before spreading to the Pontic–Caspian steppe, the Caucasus and Central Asia.^[3] The best known Elasmotherium species, E. sibiricum, sometimes called the Siberian unicorn,^[4] was among the largest known rhinoceroses, with an estimated body mass of around 4.5 tonnes (9,900 lb), comparable to an elephant, and is often conjectured to have borne a single very large horn. However, no horn has ever been found, and other authors have conjectured that the horn was likely much smaller. Like all rhinoceroses, elasmotheres were herbivorous. Unlike any other rhinos and any other ungulates aside from some notoungulates, its high-crowned molars were ever-growing, and it was likely adapted for a grazing diet. Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait.