Eritrean nakfa

Eritrean nakfa

ናቕፋ (Tigrinya) ناكفا (Arabic)
Nakfa banknotes
ISO 4217
Code	ERN (numeric: 232)
Subunit	0.01
Unit
Symbol	Nfk‎ (Latin script) ናቕፋ (Ge'ez script) ناكفا (Arabic script)
Denominations
Subunit
1⁄100	Cent
Banknotes	1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 nakfa
Coins	1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, 1 nakfa
Demographics
Date of introduction	15 November 1997
User(s)	Eritrea
Issuance
Central bank	Bank of Eritrea
Valuation
Inflation	9%
Source	April 2017[1]
Pegged with	U.S. dollar = 15 nakfa

The nakfa (ISO 4217 code: ERN; Tigrinya: ናቕፋ naḳfa, or Arabic: ناكفا or نقفة nākfā) is the currency of Eritrea and was introduced on 15 November 1997 to replace the Ethiopian birr at par. The currency takes its name from the Eritrean town of Nakfa, site of the first major victory of the Eritrean War of Independence. The nakfa is divided into 100 cents.

The nakfa is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed rate of US$1 = ERN 15. At earlier times,^[when?] it was officially pegged at US$1 = ERN 13.50. The currency is not fully convertible, so black market rates available on the streets typically offered a rate of 15 nakfas per dollar.^{[2][needs update]}

Between 18 November and 31 December 2015, the Bank of Eritrea began replacement of all nakfa banknotes. The banknote replacement initiative was designed to combat counterfeiting, the informal economy but primarily Sudanese human traffickers who had accepted payments in nakfa banknotes in exchange for transporting would-be migrants primarily to Europe. A consequence of this was substantial amounts of the country's currency existed in vast hoards outside of Eritrea.

The plan to replace the country's currency was top secret and designed to prevent human traffickers bringing their funds back in time to exchange for the new banknotes.^[3] On 1 January 2016 the old nakfa banknotes ceased being recognized as legal tender, rendering external stockpiles of currency worthless.^[4]

The current series of banknotes is the artwork of an Afro-American banknote designer, Clarence Holbert,^[5] and printed by German currency printer Giesecke & Devrient.^[6]