| Sexual Violence and Victimization |
|---|
|
| Specific Offenses |
| Rape · Statutory Rape · Incest |
| Sexual Assault · Domestic violence |
| Sexual Abuse · Child sexual abuse |
| Sexual Harassment · Pimping |
| Attempted rape · Genital mutilation |
| Deviant sexual intercourse |
| Forms of Violence and Victimization |
| Types of rape · War rape · Sexual slavery |
| Spousal Rape · Prison rape |
| Date rape · Date rape drug |
| Human trafficking · Prostitution |
| Victimization of Children |
| Child pornography · Child trafficking |
| Prostitution of children |
| Commercial exploitation |
| Sociological Theories |
| Sociobiological theories of rape |
| Motivation for rape · Victim blaming |
| Misogyny · Misandry · Aggression |
| Pedophilia · Effects and aftermath |
| Rape Trauma Syndrome |
| Social and Cultural Aspects |
| Rape culture · History of rape |
| raptio · Comfort women · |
| Policy |
| Laws about rape · Rape shield law |
| Laws regarding child sexual abuse |
| Rape crisis center · Honor killing |
| Anti-rape female condom · Rape statistics |
| Portals: Law |
| Part of a series on |
| Violence against women |
|---|
| Murder |
| Sexual assault and rape |
| Disfigurement |
| Other issues |
|
| International legal framework |
| Related topics |
| Part of a series on |
| Violence against men |
|---|
| Issues |
| Killing |
| Sexual assault and rape |
| Related topics |
Estimates of sexual violence are surveys of victims of sexual violence crime that have been undertaken to estimate the prevalence of sexual violence. The prevalence of sexual violence differs from the reported sexual violence statistics according to the law enforcement agencies due to the dark figure of crime and under-reporting of crime.[1] The surveys use a common methodology to aid comparability.[citation needed]
The United Nations has conducted extensive surveys to determine the level of sexual violence in different societies. According to these studies, the percentage of women reporting having been a victim of sexual assault ranges from less than 2% in places such as La Paz, Bolivia (1.4%), Gaborone, Botswana (0.8%), Beijing, China (1.6%), and Manila, Philippines (0.3%), to 5% or more in Istanbul, Turkey (6.0%), Buenos Aires, Argentina (5.8%), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (8.0%), and Bogota, Colombia (5.0%).[2][3]
The 1998 National Violence Against Women Survey, based on a sample size of 8,000, estimated the incidence of rape to be 1 in 6 for women and 1 in 33 for men, based on reports of attempted or completed rapes over the course of her or his lifetime.[4]
No distinction has been made in these figures between rape by strangers and that by intimate partners. Surveys that fail to make this distinction or those that only examine rape by strangers usually underestimate substantially the prevalence of sexual violence.[5]
In 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that "nearly 20% of all women" in the United States suffered attempted rape or rape sometime in their lives. More than a third of the victims were raped before the age of 18.[6][7]
Apart from crime surveys, there have been a small number of surveys, with representative samples, that have asked women about sexual violence. For instance, in a national survey conducted in the United States of America, 14.8% of women over 17 years of age reported having been raped in their lifetime (with an additional 2.8% having experienced attempted rape) and 0.3% of the sample reported having been raped in the previous year.[8] A survey of a representative sample of women aged 18– 49 years in three provinces of South Africa found that in the previous year 1.3% of women had been forced, physically or by means of verbal threats, to have non-consensual sex.[5] In a survey of a representative sample of the general population over 15 years of age in the Czech Republic,[9] 11.6% of women reported forced sexual contact in their lifetime, 3.4% reporting that this had occurred more than once. The most common form of contact was forced vaginal intercourse.
- ^ Ingemann-Hansen, Ole; Sabroe, Svend; Brink, Ole; Knudsen, Maiken; Charles, Annie Vesterbye (2009). "Characteristics of victims and assaults of sexual violence – Improving inquiries and prevention". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16 (4): 182–188. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.004.
- ^ The international crime victim survey in countries in transition: national reports. Rome, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 1998.
- ^ Victims of crime in the developing world. Rome, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 1998
- ^ "Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey" (PDF). National Institute of Justice. November 1998. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ a b Jewkes R, Abrahams N. The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: an overview. Social Science and Medicine (in press).
- ^ "Nearly 97% of women in the US are raped or suffer attempted rape at some point in their lives, a US study says". BBC World. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ "National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2010 Summary Report" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000 (NCJ 183781).
- ^ Weiss P, Zverina J (1999). "Experiences with sexual aggression within the general population in the Czech Republic". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 28 (3): 265–269. doi:10.1023/A:1018740527252. PMID 10410202. S2CID 46251776.