Back عوروبا Arabic Еврабия Bulgarian Euràbia Catalan Eurábie Czech Eurabien German Ευραβία Greek Eŭrabio Esperanto Eurabia Spanish عروپا Persian Eurabia Finnish
"Eurabia" (portmanteau of Europe and Arabia) is a far-right, anti-Muslim conspiracy theory that posits that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, aim to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel.[1][2]
The theory was developed by Bat Ye'or (the pen name of Gisèle Littman) in the early 2000s and it is described in her 2005 book titled Eurabia: The Euro‐Arab Axis.[1] Benjamin Lee of the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats at the University of Lancaster described her work as arguing that Europe "has surrendered to Islam and is in a state of submission (described as dhimmitude) in which Europe is forced to deny its own culture, stand silently by in the face of Muslim atrocities, accept Muslim immigration, and pay tribute through various types of economic assistance." According to the theory, the blame rests with a range of groups including communists, fascists, the media, universities, mosques and Islamic cultural centres, European bureaucrats, and the Euro-Arab Dialogue.[3]
The term has gained some public interest and it has also been used and discussed by activists across a wide range of the political spectrum, including right-wing activists,[4] self-described "conservatives" and counter-jihad and other anti-Islamism activists. Bat Ye'or's "mother conspiracy theory" has been used as the basis for other subtheories.[5] The narrative grew important among people who expressed anti-Islamist sentiments and it was also used by members and supporters of movements like Stop Islamisation of Europe. It gained renewed interest after the use of the term by 2011 Norway attacker, Anders Behring Breivik. Ye'or's thesis has come under criticism by scholars, which intensified after Breivik's crime.[3] The conspiracy has been described as having a resemblance to the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[6][7][8][9]
Eurabia has also been discussed by believers in classical anti-Europeanism, a strong influence on the culture of the United States as well as by believers in the notion of American exceptionalism,[10] which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or, as is the case here, both.
- ^ a b Brown, Andrew (16 August 2019). "The myth of Eurabia: how a far-right conspiracy theory went mainstream". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Bergmann, Eirikur (2021). "The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory". Europe: Continent of Conspiracies. Routledge. pp. 36–53. doi:10.4324/9781003048640-3. ISBN 9781003048640. S2CID 233612661.
- ^ a b Lee, Benjamin (October 2016). "Why we fight: Understanding the counter-jihad movement" (PDF). Religion Compass. 10 (10): 257–265. doi:10.1111/rec3.12208.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Zuquetewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MorgEurwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kuper2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Schwartz, Adi (20 June 2006). "The Protocols of the Elders of Brussels". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Zia-Ebrahimi, Reza (2018). "When the Elders of Zion relocated to Eurabia: conspiratorial racialization in antisemitism and Islamophobia". Patterns of Prejudice. 52 (4): 314–337. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2018.1493876. S2CID 148601759.
- ^ Meer, Nasar (March 2013). "Racialization and religion: race, culture and difference in the study of antisemitism and Islamophobia". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (3): 385–398. doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.734392. S2CID 144942470.
The protocols of Eurabia
- ^ Anti-Europeanism and Euroscepticism in the United States, Patrick Chamorel No 25, EUI-RSCAS Working Papers from European University Institute (EUI), Robert Schuman Centre of Advanced Studies (RSCAS) 2004