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A Formula One car or F1 car is a single-seat, open-cockpit, open-wheel formula racing car used to compete in Formula One racing events. It has substantial front and rear wings, large wheels, and a turbocharged engine positioned behind the driver. The cars are constructed of carbon fibre and other composite materials for durability and are built to withstand high impact forces and considerable g forces.
The early F1 cars were simpler designs with no wings, front mounted engines, and required significant driver effort to control. Later improvements saw the introduction of lighter cars due to metallurgical advancements, introduction of ground effect cars with the addition of wings and other aerodynamic surfaces, and control electronics. The introduction of turbocharged engines with higher efficiency, and energy recovery system to boost speeds led to faster and efficient racing cars.
A modern F1 car has a carbon fibre monocoque with an open cockpit consisting of a single driver seat and detachable steering. The 1.6 L V6 engine is capable of producing up to 950 hp (710 kW), which enables the car to reach speeds of up to 375 km/h (233 mph). It uses semi-automatic gear boxes with a seven speed transmission and an electronic-hydraulic control to drive the car. The 18 inch wheels are fitted with slick tyres during normal dry conditions, and are fitted with carbon disc brakes capable of handling temperatures of up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). The wings act as inverted aerofoils to produce negative lift, resulting in increased down force.
The regulations governing the cars are specified by the FIA and have undergone considerable changes since their introduction in the late 1940s. The cars are constructed and operated by the constructors in racing events, though the design and manufacture can be outsourced. Since the 2000s, several changes have been made by the FIA, which are aimed at sustainability and cost reduction, such as the cap on car parts, usage of mixed fuel, and usage of energy recovery systems. It has also sought to reduce the downforce and limit speeds, while simplifying car design and improve close racing. Cars have also been made safer with durable materials, improvement in safety features and addition of halo.