Back Idioma franco AN الفرنكية القديمة Arabic Idioma fráncicu AST Старажытнафранкская мова Byelorussian Frankeg Breton Franština (germánský jazyk) Czech Altfränkische Sprache German Malnovfranka lingvo Esperanto Idioma fráncico Spanish زبان فرانکی Persian
 | This article is missing information about Frankish phonology. (February 2018) |
| Frankish | |
|---|---|
| Old Franconian, Old Frankish | |
| *Frankisk | |
| Native to | Francia |
| Region | Western Europe |
| Ethnicity | Franks |
| Era | Fully diverged into Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch) and the Old High Franconian dialects (Central Franconian, East Franconian and Rhine Franconian) by the 10th century,[1][2][3][4] which dissolved with other West Germanic varieties into Old High German, and influenced Old French as a superstrate. |
| Elder Futhark (not widely used) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | frk |
frk | |
| Glottolog | fran1264oldd1237 |
Legend:
Frankish (reconstructed endonym: *Frankisk),[8][9] also known as Old Franconian or Old Frankish, was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 10th centuries.
Franks under king Chlodio would settle in Roman Gaul in the 5th century. One of his successors, named Clovis I, would take over the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis (in modern day France). Outnumbered by the local populace, the ruling Franks there would adapt to its language which was a Proto-Romance dialect. However, many modern French words and place names are still of Frankish origin.
Between the 5th and 9th centuries, Frankish spoken in Northeastern France, present-day Belgium, and the Netherlands is subsequently referred to as Old Dutch, whereas the Frankish varieties spoken in the Rhineland were heavily influenced by Elbe Germanic dialects and the Second Germanic consonant shift and would form part of the modern Central Franconian and Rhine Franconian dialects of German and Luxembourgish.[10]
The Old Frankish language is poorly attested and mostly reconstructed from Frankish loanwords in Old French, and inherited words in Old Dutch, as recorded between the 6th to 12th centuries. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish, though it is debated whether the inscription is written in Frankish, or Old Dutch.[11]
- ^ Stefan Müller, Germanic syntax: A constraint-based view, series: Textbooks in Language Sciences 12, Language Science Press, Berlin, 2023, p. 3
- ^ Graeme Davis, Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic, Literary and Historical Implications, series: Studies in Historical Linguistics vol. 1, Peter Lang, Oxford / Bern / Berlin / Bruxelles / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Wien, 2006, p. 93f.
- ^ Wise, The vocabulary of modern French: origins, structure and function, pg 35.
- ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2008). The Story of French. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
- ^ Map made after: P. A. Kerkhof: Language, law and loanwords in early medieval Gaul: language contact and studies in Gallo-Romance phonology. Leiden, 2018, S. 24 und H. Ryckeboer: Het Nederlands in Noord-Frankrijk. Sociolinguïstische, dialectologische en contactlinguïstische aspecten. Gent, 1997, S. 183–184.
- ^ H. K. J. Cowan: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jahrgang 71. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1953, S. 166–186.
- ^ Note: The line is not the same as the later Benrath Line, which reached this position only in the High Middle Ages.
- ^ Willemyns, Roland (11 April 2013). Dutch: Biography of a Language. OUP USA. p. 5. ISBN 9780199858712. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Tor, D. G. (20 October 2017). The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation. BRILL. ISBN 9789004353046. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17.
- ^ "Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?)" [Runic inscription with the oldest Dutch(?)]. Museum piece information (in Dutch). Valkhof Museum. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
All experts agree on the meaning of the second word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping in mind the function of the piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)".