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Popular Association – Golden Dawn Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος – Χρυσή Αυγή | |
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| Abbreviation | ΧΑ |
| General Secretary | Nikolaos Michaloliakos |
| Founder | Nikolaos Michaloliakos |
| Founded | 1 January 1985 (as an organisation) November 1993 (as a political party) |
| Banned | October 7, 2020 |
| Succeeded by | LEPEN (faction, 2015) Greeks for the Fatherland (faction, 2020) |
| Headquarters | 131 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, Greece (formerly)[1] |
| Newspaper | Χρυσή Αυγή (Chrysi Avgi) |
| Youth wing | Youth Front |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right[18] |
| Religion | Greek Orthodox Church Hellenism[19] |
| European Parliament group | Non-Inscrits (2014–2024) |
| Colors |
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| Slogan | Αίμα, Τιμή, Χρυσή Αυγή ("Blood, Honour, Golden Dawn") |
| Anthem | Hymn of the Golden Dawn "Ύμνος Χρυσής Αυγής" |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| xrisiavgi.com | |
| Part of a series on |
| Neo-fascism |
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&sq=&lang=en&file=File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg){kind=small} Politics portal |
The Popular Association – Golden Dawn[20][21] (Greek: Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος – Χρυσή Αυγή, romanized: Laïkós Sýndesmos – Chrysí Avgí), usually shortened to Golden Dawn (Greek: Χρυσή Αυγή, romanized: Chrysí Avgí, pronounced [xriˈsi avˈʝi]), is a far-right[25] neo-Nazi[2] ultranationalist criminal organisation[26][27] and former political party[28] in Greece. Golden Dawn rose to prominence during Greece's financial crisis of 2009, becoming the third most popular party in the Greek parliament in the January 2015 election. Its support has since plunged, and it failed to enter parliament in the 2019 election. The criminal trial against the leaders, frequently described as the largest trial of Nazis since the Nuremberg trials, lasted more than five years.[29]
Nikolaos Michaloliakos began the foundations of what would become Golden Dawn in 1980 when he published the first issue of the neo-Nazi journal by the name Chrysi Avgi. In this context, Golden Dawn originated in the movement that worked towards a return to right-wing military dictatorship in Greece. Following an investigation into the 2013 murder of anti-fascist rapper Pavlos Fyssas by a self-identified member,[30][31] Michaloliakos and several other Golden Dawn MPs and members were arrested and held in pre-trial detention on suspicion of forming a criminal organization.[32] The trial began on 20 April 2015.[33] Golden Dawn lost all its remaining seats in the Greek Parliament in the 2019 Greek legislative election.[34] A 2020 survey showed the party's popularity plummeting to 1.5%,[35] down from 2.9% in the previous year's elections, and a peak of 7.0%.[27]
Golden Dawn is commonly described as neo-Nazi[40] and neo-fascist.[46] While the group rejects these labels,[47] its members have expressed admiration for the former Greek dictators Ioannis Metaxas of the 4th of August Regime (1936–1941)[52] and Georgios Papadopoulos of the Regime of the Colonels (1967–1974).[53] Moreover, Michaloliakos, the group's founder and self-declared "Führer", advocates Holocaust denial theory and is an ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler.[54] Golden Dawn also uses symbolism that is very similar to that of the Nazis, Nazi salutes, and blood-and-soil slogans, and has also praised figures of Nazi Germany.[55][56][57] The group is racist and xenophobic,[58][59] and the party's leader has himself openly identified it as ultranationalist and racist.[60] Golden Dawn has also been described as ultranationalist,[61][62][63] as they support the creation of Greater Greece[64] and have been strongly critical of the European Union.[8][9][10][11] On social issues, they are traditionalist[65] and oppose immigration,[66] and on fiscal matters, they are protectionist.[67] Golden Dawn has engaged in far-right rhetorics[7] with strong employment of antisemitism,[68][69] Islamophobia,[70][71] anti-Turkism,[72] and homophobia.[73][74] The party also has a militant wing consisting of numerous death squads that perpetrated hate crimes against minorities.[75] The Hellenic Police has been criticised for its close links to Golden Dawn by government ministers, human rights activists, and whistleblower police officers.[76][77][78][74]
On 7 October 2020, the Athens Court of Appeals announced verdicts for 68 defendants, including the party's political leadership. The General Secretary Nikolaos Michaloliakos and six other prominent members and former MPs were charged with running a criminal organization.[27] Guilty verdicts on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents were delivered,[79] and the leadership was sent to prison.[80]
- ^ "Lock at the Golden Dawn's Headquarters (original: Λουκέτο στα κεντρικά γραφεία της Χρυσής Αυγής)". Efimerida ton Syntakton. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ a b Sources:
- Heywood, Andrew (2021). "7: Fascism". Political Ideologies: An Introduction (7th ed.). London WC1B3DP, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-352-01194-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - Kopytowska, Monika; Sotiris, Panagiotis (2017). "Political crisis and the rise of the far right in Greece: Racism, nationalism, authoritarianism and conservatism in the discourse of Golden Dawn". Contemporary Discourses of Hate and Radicalism across Space and Genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 218. ISBN 978-90-272-4281-5.
- Hatsidaki, Goutsos, Ourania, Dionysis; Hatsidaki, Goutsos, Ourania, Dionysis (2017). "1: The discourses of the Greek crisis". Greece in Crisis: Combining Critical Discourse and Corpus Linguistics Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-272-0661-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wodak, Ruth (2020). The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5264-9921-9. LCCN 2020934796.
- Bali, Kaki (17 October 2021). "Golden Dawn is down, but Greek far right rises". DW. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.
- Trilling, Daniel (3 March 2020). "Golden Dawn: the rise and fall of Greece's neo-Nazis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021.
- Heywood, Andrew (2021). "7: Fascism". Political Ideologies: An Introduction (7th ed.). London WC1B3DP, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-352-01194-4.
- ^ a b c Upchurch, H. E. (22 December 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the "Skull Mask" Neo-Fascist Network" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (10). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 27–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ "Calls for coup, firing squads: Greek far right angry at name deal". Al-Jazeera. 15 June 2018.
- ^ "Golden Dawn tarnished". Politico. 29 April 2015.
- ^ "Neo-fascist Greek party takes third place in wave of voter fury". The Guardian. 21 September 2015.
- ^ a b Ekström, Mats (3 July 2018). "Ultranationalism and the dynamics of style: a discourse-analytic perspective on mediated political performances". Palgrave Communications. 4 (83). doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0132-6. S2CID 49561917.
- ^ a b Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek far-right Ultranationalist and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"
- ^ a b France24: A look at the European Parliament's eurosceptic parties, Golden Dawn, Greece
- ^ a b "Greek election 2015: Golden Dawn rises on austerity-driven despair". The Guardian. "In successive opinion surveys, the virulently ... anti-EU party has emerged as Greece's third-biggest political force"
- ^ a b "Anti-EU parties celebrate election success". Financial Times, 26 May 2014
- ^ [8][9][10][11]
- ^ a b The Rise of Golden Dawn: The New Face of the Far Right in Greece. Pages 543-565. Author - Antonis A. Ellinas. Published in 2013. South European Society and Politics. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISSN 1360-8746 (Print) 1743-9612 (Online).
- ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2015). "Greece". Parties and Elections in Europe.
- ^ a b Twitter blocks account of Greece's far-right Golden Dawn party. Euronews. Author - Alice Cuddy. Last updated on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ a b Golden Dawn: Greek far-right party's headquarters attacked with sledgehammers. The Independent. Author - Lizzie Dearden. Published 31 March 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ a b How Lesbos residents drove the far-right Golden Dawn party off the island. Public Radio International. Author - Halima Kazem-Stojanovic. Published 12 September 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ [3][13][14][15][16][17]
- ^ Ioannidou, Eleftheria (2022). "Mythologies of Genesis and Neo-Nazi Palingenesis: Commemorating the Battle of Thermopylae in the Political Rites of the Golden Dawn". Humanities. 11 (4). MDPI: 5. doi:10.3390/h11040088.
In the culture of GD, the pagan cult represents a counter-paradigm to Judaeo-Christian religion, which is conceptualised as a long historical period of weakness and decline. Apart from the resemblance to völkisch mysticism, GD's paganism can be traced back to Greek folk traditions, or more saliently, to the thinking of Pericles Giannopoulos, an ardent admirer of ancient Greece and proponent of a spiritual and aesthetic version of Hellenism that surpasses national boundaries.
- ^ Galiatsatos, Panagis (1 October 2013), "Golden Dawn: From fringe group to game changer", Ekathimerini
- ^ Ellinas (2013), The Rise of the Golden Dawn, p. 21
- ^ Koronaiou, Alexandra; Lagos, Evangelos; Sakellariou, Alexandros; Kymionis, Stelios; Chiotaki-Poulou, Irini (December 2015). "Golden Dawn, Austerity and Young People: The Rise of Fascist Extremism Among Young People in Contemporary Greek Society". The Sociological Review. 63 (2_suppl): 231–249. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12270. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 145077294.
- ^ Ellinas, Antonis A. (2 January 2015). "Neo-Nazism in an Established Democracy: The Persistence of Golden Dawn in Greece". South European Society and Politics. 20 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.981379. ISSN 1360-8746. S2CID 155055553.
- ^ Dimitris Dalakoglou; Georgios Agelopoulos, eds. (2017). Critical times in Greece: anthropological engagements with the crisis. London. ISBN 978-1-315-29903-7. OCLC 1003930185.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ [22][23][24][3][13][14][15][16][17]
- ^ Gatopoulos, Derek; Becatoros, Elena (7 October 2020). "Greek court rules Golden Dawn party criminal organization". Associated Press. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Samaras, Georgios (26 November 2020). "The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?". The Conversation. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ Ρούμπου, Νάντια (7 October 2020). "Εγκληματική οργάνωση η Χρυσή Αυγή". The Press Project - Ειδήσεις, Αναλύσεις, Ραδιόφωνο, Τηλεόραση (in Greek). Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Greek police arrest fugitive deputy leader of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn". POLITICO. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
- ^ "Leader of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party sentenced to 13 years prison". euronews. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ "Greek anti-fascist rapper murdered by 'neo-Nazi' Golden Dawn". The Independent. 18 September 2013.
- ^ "Golden Dawn leader jailed ahead of Greek criminal trial". The Guardian. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Smith, Helena (7 May 2015). "Golden Dawn leaders' trial adjourned until next week". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- ^ "Neo-fascist Golden Dawn party crashes out of Greek parliament". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ "Δημοσκόπηση: 9 στους 10 θα κάνουν Πάσχα στο σπίτι – Μεγαλώνει η ψαλίδα υπέρ ΝΔ έναντι ΣΥΡΙΖΑ" [Poll: 9 out of 10 will celebrate Easter at home - The gap in favor of ND against SYRIZA is growing]. To Vima (in Greek). 15 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ *Wodak, Ruth (2015), The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean, Sage,
However, Golden Dawn's neo-Nazi profile is clearly visible in the party's symbolism, with its flag resembling a swastika, Nazi salutes and chants of 'Blood and Honour' which encapsulate its xenophobic and racist ideology.
- Vasilopoulou; Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution', p. 32,
The extremist character of the Golden Dawn, its neo-Nazi principles, racism and ultranationalism, as well as its violence, render the party a least likely case of success...
- Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2013), "Neo-Nazism and neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens At the Time of Crisis", WorkingUSA, 16 (16(2): 283–292, doi:10.1111/wusa.12044, hdl:1871.1/89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d
- Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland", Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (in German), VS Verlag, p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9, ISBN 978-3-531-17065-7,
...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... [...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...]
- Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173
- Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12,
On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization with that name, cited another survey which indicated that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent.
- Vasilopoulou; Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution', p. 32,
- ^ Explosion at Greek neo-Nazi office, CNN, 19 March 2010, archived from the original on 8 March 2012, retrieved 2 February 2012
- Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2012), "Beyond Spontaneity" (PDF), CITY, 16 (5): 535–545, Bibcode:2012City...16..535D, doi:10.1080/13604813.2012.720760, hdl:1871.1/a5f5f3bf-372b-4e1f-8d76-cbe25382a4d0, S2CID 143686910
- ^ Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (6 May 2012), "Greek Voters Punish 2 Main Parties for Economic Collapse", The New York Times
- ^ Smith, Helena (21 September 2019). "After murder, defections and poll defeat: the sun sets on Greece's Golden Dawn". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
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- ^
- "Calls for coup, firing squads: Greek far right angry at name deal". Al-Jazeera. 15 June 2018.
- "Golden Dawn tarnished". Politico. 29 April 2015.
- "Neo-fascist Greek party takes third place in wave of voter fury". The Guardian. 21 September 2015.
- ^ Smith, Helena (16 December 2011), "Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil", The Guardian, London
- ^ Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2012), "Beyond Spontaneity: Crisis, Violence and Collective Action in Athens" (PDF), CITY, 16 (5): 535–545, Bibcode:2012City...16..535D, doi:10.1080/13604813.2012.720760, hdl:1871.1/a5f5f3bf-372b-4e1f-8d76-cbe25382a4d0, S2CID 143686910,
The use of the terms extreme-Right, neo-Nazi, and fascist as synonymous is on purpose. Historically in Greece, the terms have been used alternatively in reference to the para-state apparatuses, but not only. (pg: 542)
- ^ *Xenakis, Sappho (2012), "A New Dawn? Change and Continuity in Political Violence in Greece", Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (3): 437–64, doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.633133, S2CID 145624655,
...Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who established the fascistic far-right party Chrysi Avgi ("Golden Dawn") in the early 1980s.
- Kravva, Vasiliki (2003), "The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece", The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas, Routledge, p. 169,
For example, during the summer of 2000 members of Chryssi Avgi, the most widespread fascist organization in Greece, destroyed part of the third cemetery in Athens...
- Kravva, Vasiliki (2003), "The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece", The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas, Routledge, p. 169,
- ^
- Gemenis, Kostas; Nezi, Roula (January 2012), The 2011 Political Parties Expert Survey in Greece (PDF), University of Twente, p. 4,
Interestingly, the placement of the extreme right Chrysi Avyi does not seem to be influenced by this bias, although this has more to do with the lack of variance in the data (32 out of 33 experts placed the party on 10)
- Repoussi, Maria (2009), "Battles over the national past of Greeks: The Greek History Textbook Controversy 2006–2007" (PDF), Geschichte für Heute. Zeitschrift für Historisch-politische Bildung (1): 5
- Grumke, Thomas (2003), "The transatlantic dimension of right-wing extremism", Human Rights Review, 4 (4): 56–72, doi:10.1007/s12142-003-1021-x, S2CID 145203309,
On October 24, 1998 the Greek right-wing extremist organization Chrisi Avgi ("Golden Dawn") was the host for the "5th European Youth Congress" in Thessaloniki.
- Gemenis, Kostas; Nezi, Roula (January 2012), The 2011 Political Parties Expert Survey in Greece (PDF), University of Twente, p. 4,
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... the group – which denies that it is neo-Nazi – one of the biggest winners in an election...
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selfdescwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Evdoxios Doxiadis, Aimee Placas as ed. Living Under Austerity: Greek Society in Crisis, Berghahn Books, 2018, ISBN 1785339346, p. 83.
- ^ Erik Sjöberg, The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe, Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 1785333267, p. 143.
- ^ Vasilopolou, Sofia (2015). The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution': Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece. Springer.
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- ^ KOSTAS NIKOLAIDIS (31 March 2012), Τα παιδιά του Χίτλερ με στολή "Χρυσής Αυγής" [Hitler's children in "Golden Dawn" uniform], archived from the original on 11 January 2016
- ^ "Χρυσή Αυγή" – Αλήθειες και Ψέμματα, 15 May 2012
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- ^ Sitaropoulos, Nicholas (2004), "Equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin: the transposition in Greece of EU Directive 2000/43", The International Journal of Human Rights, 8 (2): 123–58, doi:10.1080/1364298042000240834, S2CID 145383495,
Clearly extreme racist groups are, inter alia, political groups such as Chrisi Avgi and Elliniko Metopo.
- ^ Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A., Formal Weakness and Informal Strength: Civil Society in Contemporary Greece (PDF), London School of Economics, p. 16,
Firstly, there is a youth organization which is titled "Golden Dawn" (in Greek, Chryssi Avgi) which is explicitly racist and xenophobic...
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... and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi).
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- ^ a b "Alarm at Greek police 'collusion' with far-right Golden Dawn". BBC News. 17 October 2012.
- ^ Wodak, Ruth (2020). The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5264-9921-9. LCCN 2020934796.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang". BBC News. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Golden Dawn leaders go to jail". Kathimerini. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.