Back حرة الحرة Arabic Harrat Ash Shamah Spanish Harrat al-Sham Basque حرات الشام Persian Harrat Ash Shamah French שדה א-שמה HE Harrat Ash Shamah NN ฮัรเราะตุชชาม Thai Ель-Харра (лавове поле) Ukrainian Harrat al-Sham Uzbek
Ḥarrat al-Shām
Black Desert | |
|---|---|
 Location within the Levant of the wider volcanic province it is part of | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 32°37′53″N 36°45′52″E / 32.63139°N 36.76444°E | |
| Part of | Syrian Desert |
| Offshore water bodies | |
| Age | Oligocene, Neogene, Quaternary |
| Geology | Basaltic volcanic field |
| Volcanic field | Harrat Ash Shaam Volcanic Province (HASV) |
The Ḥarrat al-Shām (Arabic: حَرَّة ٱلشَّام),[1][nb 1] also known as the Harrat al-Harra, Harrat al-Shaba,[2] Syro-Jordanian Harrah,[3] and sometimes the Black Desert in English,[4] is a region of rocky, basaltic desert stretching from southern Syria starting at the Hauran region all the way down to the northern Arabian Peninsula.[3] It covers an area of some 40,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi)[citation needed] in the modern-day Syrian Arab Republic, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Vegetation is characteristically open acacia shrubland with patches of juniper at higher altitudes.[5]
The Harrat has been occupied by humans since at least the Late Epipalaeolithic (c. 12,500–9500 BCE).[6] One of the earliest known sites is Shubayqa 1 (occupied c. 12,600–10,000 BCE),[6][7] a Natufian site where archaeologists have discovered the remains of the oldest known bread.[8]
- ^ Ibrahim, K. (1993), The geological framework for the Harrat Ash-Shaam Basaltic Super-Group and its volcanotectonic evolution, Jordan: Bulletin 24, Geological Mapping Division, Natural Resources Authority
- ^ Edgell, H. Stewart (2006). Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 327–329, 347. ISBN 978-1-4020-3969-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Jaworska, Karolina (2019). A Dictionary of the Safaitic Inscriptions. Brill. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-40042-9.
- ^ Betts, Alison (1982). "A Natufian site in the Black Desert, Eastern Jordan". Paléorient. 8 (2): 79–82. doi:10.3406/paleo.1982.4322. ISSN 0153-9345.
- ^ S.A. Ghazanfar, Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula (Springer Science & Business Media, 1998) p 272.
- ^ a b Richter, Tobias (2017). "Natufian and early Neolithic in the Black Desert". In Enzel, Yehouda; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (eds.). Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 715–722. ISBN 978-1-107-09046-0.
- ^ Richter, Tobias; Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Yeomans, Lisa; Boaretto, Elisabetta (5 December 2017). "High Resolution AMS Dates from Shubayqa 1, northeast Jordan Reveal Complex Origins of Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian in the Levant". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 17025. Bibcode:2017NatSR...717025R. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17096-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5717003. PMID 29208998.
- ^ Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Carretero, Lara Gonzalez; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (31 July 2018). "Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (31): 7925–7930. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801071115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6077754. PMID 30012614.
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