Back التهاب الغدة الدرقية لهاشيموتو Arabic Haşimoto uru Azerbaijani هاشیموتو ترویدیتی AZB হাশিমোতো রোগ Bengali/Bangla Hashimotov tireoiditis BS Tiroïditis de Hashimoto Catalan Hashimotova tyroiditida Czech Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis German Θυρεοειδίτιδα Χασιμότο Greek Tiroidito de Haŝimoto Esperanto

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

"Hashimoto's disease" redirects here. For the encephalopathy, see Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Other namesChronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, struma lymphomatosa, Hashimoto's disease
A micrograph of the thyroid of someone with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
SpecialtyEndocrinology
SymptomsWeight gain, feeling tired, constipation, joint and muscle pain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, slowed heart rate[1]
ComplicationsThyroid lymphoma.[2]
Usual onset30–50 years old[3][4]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors.[5]
Risk factorsFamily history, another autoimmune disease[3]
Diagnostic methodTSH, T4, anti-thyroid autoantibodies, ultrasound[3]
Differential diagnosisGraves' disease, nontoxic nodular goiter[6]
TreatmentLevothyroxine, surgery[3][6]
Frequency2% at some point[5]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto's disease and autoimmune thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed.[7][1]

Early on, symptoms may not be noticed.[3] Over time, the thyroid may enlarge, forming a painless goiter.[3] Most people eventually develop hypothyroidism with accompanying weight gain, fatigue, constipation, hair loss, and general pains.[1] After many years the thyroid typically shrinks in size.[1] Potential complications include thyroid lymphoma.[2] Further complications of hypothyroidism can include high cholesterol, heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, myxedema, and potential problems in pregnancy.[1]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[5][8] Risk factors include a family history of the condition and having another autoimmune disease.[3] Diagnosis is confirmed with blood tests for TSH, Thyroxine (T4), antithyroid autoantibodies, and ultrasound.[3] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include Graves' disease and nontoxic nodular goiter.[6]

Hashimoto's is typically not treated unless there is hypothyroidism, or the presence of a goiter, when it may be treated with levothyroxine.[6][3] Those affected should avoid eating large amounts of iodine; however, sufficient iodine is required especially during pregnancy.[3] Surgery is rarely required to treat the goiter.[6]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis has a global prevalence of 7.5%, and varies greatly by region.[9] The highest rate is in Africa, and the lowest in Asia.[9] In the US white people are affected more often than black. It is more common in low to middle income groups. Females are more susceptible with a 17.5% rate of prevalence compared to 6% in males.[9] It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries.[10] It typically begins between the ages of 30 and 50.[3][4] Rates of the disease have increased.[9] It was first described by the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto in 1912.[11] Studies in 1956 discovered that it was an autoimmune disorder.[12]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Hashimoto's Disease". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Noureldine SI, Tufano RP (January 2015). "Association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid cancer". Current Opinion in Oncology. 27 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1097/cco.0000000000000150. PMID 25390557. S2CID 32109200.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Hashimoto's Disease". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b Hiromatsu Y, Satoh H, Amino N (January 2013). "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: history and future outlook". Hormones. 12 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1007/BF03401282. PMID 23624127. S2CID 38996783.
  5. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Ramos-Levi2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e Akamizu T, Amino N, Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, et al. (2000). "Hashimoto's Thyroiditis". In Akamizu T, Amino N (eds.). Endotext. MDText. PMID 25905412. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Autoimmune thyroiditis". Autoimmune Registry Inc. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  8. ^ Winther KH, Rayman MP, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L (March 2020). "Selenium in thyroid disorders - essential knowledge for clinicians". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 16 (3): 165–176. doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0311-6. PMID 32001830.
  9. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Hu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Mincer DL, Jialal I (2022). "Hashimoto Thyroiditis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083758. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  11. ^ Shoenfeld Y, Cervera R, Gershwin ME, eds. (2010). Diagnostic Criteria in Autoimmune Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-60327-285-8.
  12. ^ Ralli M, Angeletti D, Fiore M, D'Aguanno V, Lambiase A, Artico M, et al. (October 2020). "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: An update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation". Autoimmunity Reviews. 19 (10): 102649. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102649. PMID 32805423.
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