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Hemagglutinin

Illustration showing influenza virus attaching to cell membrane via the surface protein hemagglutinin

Hemagglutinins (alternatively spelt haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are homotrimeric glycoproteins present on the protein capsids of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.[1][2][3] Hemagglutinins are responsible for binding to receptors, sialic acid residues, on host cell membranes to initiate virus docking and infection.[4][5]

Specifically, they recognize cell-surface glycoconjugates containing sialic acid on the surface of host red blood cells with a low affinity and use them to enter the endosome of host cells.[6] Hemagglutinins tend to recognize α-2,6-linked sialic acids of the host cells in humans and α-2,3-linked sialic acids in avian species, although there is evidence that hemagglutinin specificity can vary. This correlates to the fact that Influenza A typically establishes infections in the upper respiratory tract in humans, where many of these α-2,6-linked sialic acids are present.[7] There are various subtypes of hemagglutinins, in which H1, H2, and H3 are known to have human susceptibility.[8] It is the variation in hemagglutinin (and neuraminidase) subtypes that require health organizations (ex. WHO) to constantly update and surveil the known circulating flu viruses in human and animal populations (ex. H5N1).

In the endosome, hemagglutinins undergo conformational changes due to a pH drop to of 5–6.5 enabling viral attachment through a fusion peptide.[9]

Virologist George K. Hirst discovered agglutination and hemagglutinins in 1941.[10] Alfred Gottschalk proved in 1957 that hemagglutinins bind a virus to a host cell by attaching to sialic acids on carbohydrate side chains of cell-membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids.[11]

The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate") in vitro.[12]

  1. ^ Couch, Robert B. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Orthomyxoviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413353, retrieved 30 January 2024
  2. ^ "Paramyxoviridae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  3. ^ Skehel, John J.; Wiley, Don C. (June 2000). "Receptor Binding and Membrane Fusion in Virus Entry: The Influenza Hemagglutinin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69 (1): 531–569. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.531. ISSN 0066-4154. PMID 10966468.
  4. ^ Nobusawa, E. (October 1997). "[Structure and function of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 55 (10): 2562–2569. ISSN 0047-1852. PMID 9360372.
  5. ^ Luo, Ming (8 November 2011), Influenza Virus Entry, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 726, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 201–221, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_9, ISBN 978-1-4614-0979-3, retrieved 17 November 2024
  6. ^ Bangaru, Sandhya; Lang, Shanshan; Schotsaert, Michael; Vanderven, Hillary A.; Zhu, Xueyong; Kose, Nurgun; Bombardi, Robin; Finn, Jessica A.; Kent, Stephen J.; Gilchuk, Pavlo; Gilchuk, Iuliia (2019). "A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface". Cell. 177 (5): 1136–1152.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011. PMC 6629437. PMID 31100268.
  7. ^ Kosik, Ivan (16 April 2019). "Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin–Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity". NCBI.
  8. ^ "PDB101: Molecule of the Month: Hemagglutinin". RCSB: PDB-101. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  9. ^ Medeiros, R.; Escriou, N.; Naffakh, N.; Manuguerra, J. C.; van der Werf, S. (10 October 2001). "Hemagglutinin residues of recent human A(H3N2) influenza viruses that contribute to the inability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes". Virology. 289 (1): 74–85. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1121. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 11601919.
  10. ^ Kolata, Gina (26 January 1994). "George Keble Hirst, 84, Is Dead; A Pioneer in Molecular Virology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  11. ^ Henry, Ronnie; Murphy, Frederick A. (October 2018). "Etymologia: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (10): 1849. doi:10.3201/eid2410.ET2410. PMC 6154157.
  12. ^ Nelson DL, Cox MM (2005). Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: WH Freeman.
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