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| Herod the Great | |
|---|---|
| Roman client king of Judea | |
| Reign | |
| Successor | |
| Born | c. 72 BCE Edom (Idumea), Hasmonean Judea |
| Died |
Jericho, Judea |
| Burial | Most likely the Herodium |
| Spouse | |
| Issue among others |
|
| Dynasty | Herodian |
| Father | Antipater the Idumaean |
| Mother | Cypros |
| Religion | Second Temple Judaism |
Herod I[2][a] or Herod the Great (c. 72 – c. 4 BCE) was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian kingdom of Judea.[3][4][5] He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea. Among these works are the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base[6][7][8]—the Western Wall being part of it. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus.[9]
Despite Herod's successes, including single-handedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,[10] he has been criticized by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his tyrannical rule.[9]
Herod the Great is described in the Christian Bible as the coordinator of the Massacre of the Innocents. However, most of the New Testament references are to his son Herod Antipas (such as the events leading to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth in Matthew 14), or his grandson Herod Agrippa (in Acts 12). Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: his son Herod Antipas received the tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea.
Other family members of Herod the Great include Herod's son Herod Archelaus who became ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod's son Philip who became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan River; and Herod's sister Salome I, who was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, and Fasayil (Phasaelis).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Steinmann2009was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bayer; Jacobs & Broydé 1906.
- ^ Perowne 2003, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Peters, Francis E. (2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God. Vol. II. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography. Translated by Gold, Karen. Walter de Gruyter.
- ^ Antiquities of the Jews, 15.11.6.
- ^ Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Ta'anit 23a). Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the Mishnah (Middot 2:1), the Temple Mount had measured 500 × 500 cubits square, and its expansion was done to accommodate the pilgrims.
- ^ The Jewish War, 1.21.1.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Seth (2014). "Herod to Florus". The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1.
- ^ Cohen 1999, p. 269.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).