Back Hồ Chí Minh Afrikaans Hồ Chí Minh ALS ሆ ቺ ሚን Amharic Ho Chi Minh AN هو تشي منه Arabic هو شي مين ARY هو تشى مينه (حاكم) ARZ হ' চি মিন Assamese Ho Chi Minh AST Ho Chi Minh Aymara
Hồ Chí Minh | |
|---|---|
 Portrait, c. 1946 | |
| 1st President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam | |
| In office 2 September 1945 – 2 September 1969 | |
| Prime Minister | Phạm Văn Đồng (from 1955) |
| Vice President | Nguyễn Hải Thần Tôn Đức Thắng |
| Preceded by | Bảo Đại (as Emperor) |
| Succeeded by | Tôn Đức Thắng |
| Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam | |
| In office 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969 | |
| General Secretary |
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| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam | |
| In office 5 October 1956 – 10 September 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Trường Chinh |
| Succeeded by | Lê Duẩn |
| Head of government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam[1] | |
(De facto) | |
| In office 2 September 1945 – 20 September 1955 | |
| Preceded by | Trần Trọng Kim (as Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam) |
| Succeeded by | Phạm Văn Đồng (as first prime minister of DRV) |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 28 August 1945 – 2 March 1946 | |
| Preceded by | Trần Văn Chương (Empire of Vietnam) |
| Succeeded by | Nguyễn Tường Tam |
| In office 3 November 1946 – March 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Tường Tam |
| Succeeded by | Hoàng Minh Giám |
| Full Member of the 2nd and 3rd Politburo | |
| In office 31 March 1935 – 2 September 1969 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Nguyễn Sinh Cung 19 May 1890 Kim Liên, Annam, French Indochina |
| Died | 2 September 1969 (aged 79) Hanoi, North Vietnam |
| Resting place | Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi |
| Political party | Workers' Party of Vietnam (from 1951) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouse | |
| Relations |
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| Parents |
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| Alma mater | Communist University of the Toilers of the East |
| Occupation |
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President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Struggle for Independence
Legacy
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Hồ Chí Minh[a][b] (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung;[c][d][e][4][5] 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969),[f] colloquially known as Uncle Ho (Bác Hồ)[g][8] and by other aliases[h] and sobriquets,[i] was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician who served as the founder and first president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 until his death in 1969, and as its first prime minister from 1945 to 1955. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, he founded the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 and its successor Workers' Party of Vietnam (later the Communist Party of Vietnam) in 1951, serving as the party's chairman until his death.
Hồ was born in Nghệ An province in French Indochina, and received a French education. Starting in 1911, he worked in various countries overseas, and in 1920 was a founding member of the French Communist Party in Paris. After studying in Moscow, Hồ founded the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League in 1925, which he transformed into the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930. On his return to Vietnam in 1941, he founded and led the Việt Minh independence movement against the Japanese, and in 1945 led the August Revolution against the monarchy and proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the French returned to power, Hồ's government retreated to the countryside and initiated guerrilla warfare from 1946.
Between 1953 and 1956, Hồ's leadership saw the implementation of a land reform campaign, which included executions and political purges.[11][12] The Việt Minh defeated the French in 1954 at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, ending the First Indochina War. At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was divided into two de facto separate states, with the Việt Minh in control of North Vietnam, and anti-communists backed by the United States in control of South Vietnam. Hồ remained president and party leader during the Vietnam War, which began in 1955. He supported the Viet Cong insurgency in the south, overseeing the transport of troops and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail until his death in 1969. North Vietnam won in 1975, and the country was re-unified in 1976 as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Saigon – Gia Định, South Vietnam's former capital, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor.
The details of Hồ's life before he came to power in Vietnam are uncertain. He is known to have used between 50[13]: 582 and 200 pseudonyms.[14] Information on his birth and early life is ambiguous and subject to academic debate. At least four existing official biographies vary on names, dates, places, and other hard facts while unofficial biographies vary even more widely.[15] Aside from being a politician, Hồ was a writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote several books, articles, and poems in Chinese, Vietnamese, and French.
- ^ President is also head of government.
- ^ "Ho Chi Minh". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Vũ Ngự Chiêu (23 October 2011). "Vài vấn nạn lịch sử thế kỷ XX: Hồ Chí Minh – Nhà ngoại giao, 1945–1946". Hợp Lưu Magazine (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2013. Note: See the document in French, from Centre des archives d'Outre-mer [CAOM] (Aix)/Gouvernement General de l'Indochine [GGI]/Fonds Residence Superieure d'Annam [RSA]/carton R1, and the note in English at the end of the cited article
- ^ Trần Quốc Vượng. "Lời truyền miệng dân gian về Hồ Chí Minh". BBC Vietnamese. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Nguyễn Vĩnh Châu. "Phỏng vấn sử gia Vũ Ngự Chiêu về những nghiên cứu lịch sử liên quan đến Hồ Chí Minh". Hợp Lưu Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Nguyễn Xuân Tùng (18 September 2014). "Giới thiệu những tư liệu về Di chúc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh" [Introduction to documents related to President Ho Chi Minh's will] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Justice (Vietnam). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ Ngo, Tam T. T. (2018). "The Uncle Hồ religion in Vietnam". In Dean, Kenneth; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Springer. p. 219. ISBN 978-3-319-89369-3.
- ^ "Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam". BBC News. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Watanabe, Musa (25 July 2014). "Father of modern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh". The OpenLab at New York City College of Technology. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Woolf, Chris (18 September 2017). "The little-known story of Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh's admiration for the US". The World.
- ^ Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam". Far Eastern Survey. 28 (8): 113–126. doi:10.2307/3024603. ISSN 0362-8949.
- ^ Teodoru, Daniel E. (1973). "The Bloodbath Hypothesis: The Maoist Pattern in North Vietnam's Radical Land Reform". Southeast Asian Perspectives (9): 1–79. ISSN 0042-577X.
- ^ Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. New York: Hyperion, 2000.
- ^ Duncanson 1957, p. 85.
- ^ Pike 1976.
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