Back غزو اليابان لكوريا (1592-1598) Arabic İmcin müharibəsi Azerbaijani ایمجین ساواشی AZB Імдзінская вайна Byelorussian Invasions japoneses de Corea (1592-1598) Catalan داگیرکاری ژاپۆن بۆ سەر کۆریا CKB Imdžinská válka Czech Imjin-Krieg German Ιαπωνικές εισβολές στην Κορέα (1592–98) Greek Invasiones japonesas de Corea (1592-1598) Spanish
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| Imjin War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The Japanese landing at Busan | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Toyotomi government of Japan | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Joseon
Ming | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Joseon: Ming: | Japan | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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Joseon: Ming: c. 20,000 killed[18][17] | Japan: 100,000+ soldiers deaths[4][19][unreliable source?] | ||||||||
| Imjin War | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 萬曆朝鮮之役 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 万历朝鲜之役 | ||||||||||
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| North Korean name | |||||||||||
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 임진조국전쟁 | ||||||||||
| Hancha | 壬辰祖國戰爭 | ||||||||||
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| South Korean name | |||||||||||
| Hangul | 임진왜란·정유재란 | ||||||||||
| Hanja | 壬辰倭亂·丁酉再亂 | ||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||
| Kanji | 文禄の役 (1592–1593) 慶長の役 (1597–1598) | ||||||||||
| Hiragana | ぶんろくのえき けいちょうのえき | ||||||||||
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The Imjin War (Korean: 임진왜란; Hanja: 壬辰倭亂) was a series of two Japanese invasions of Korea: an initial invasion in 1592 also individually called "Imjin War", a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597 called the Chŏngyu War (정유재란; 丁酉再亂). The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of Japanese forces[1][20] from the Korean Peninsula after a military stalemate[21] in Korea's southern provinces.[22]
The invasions were launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi with the intent of conquering the Korean Peninsula and China proper, which were ruled by the Joseon and Ming dynasties, respectively. Japan quickly succeeded in occupying large portions of the Korean Peninsula, but the contribution of reinforcements by the Ming,[23][24][25] as well as the disruption of Japanese supply fleets along the western and southern coasts by the Joseon Navy,[26][27][28][29][30] forced the Japanese forces to withdraw from Pyongyang and the northern provinces. Afterwards, with righteous armies (Joseon civilian militias)[31] conducting guerrilla warfare against the occupying Japanese forces and supply difficulties hampering both sides, neither force was able to mount a successful offensive or gain any additional territory, resulting in a military stalemate. The first phase of the invasion ended in 1596, and was followed afterwards by ultimately unsuccessful peace negotiations between Japan and the Ming.
In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. The pattern of the second invasion largely mirrored that of the first. The Japanese had initial successes on land, capturing several cities and fortresses, only to be halted and forced to withdraw to the southern coastal regions of the peninsula. However, the pursuing Ming and Joseon forces were unable to dislodge the Japanese from these positions,[32][33][34] where both sides again became locked in a ten-month-long military stalemate.
With Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in 1598, limited progress on land, and continued disruption of supply lines by the Joseon Navy, the Japanese forces in Korea were ordered to withdraw back to Japan by the new governing Council of Five Elders. Final peace negotiations between the parties followed, and continued for several years, ultimately resulting in the normalization of relations.[35]
- ^ a b Lee 1997, p. 108 "Thus the Korea–Japan War of 1592–1598 came to a conclusion, with the Japanese totally defeated and in full-scale retreat. The Korean victory did not come easily."
- ^ Turnbull 2002, p. 227 "Out of 500 Japanese ships only 50 survived to limp home."
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 269.
- ^ a b c d e f Szczepanski, Kallie (6 March 2017). "The Imjin War, 1592–98". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 148.
- ^ Swope 2009, p. 333.
- ^ Hawley 2005, pp. 305, 338.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 442.
- ^ "A critique of Samuel Hawley's the Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China – Part 2: The second invasion | Great Ming Military". 16 August 2019.
- ^ Swope 2009, p. 8.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 105.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 115.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 116.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 433.
- ^ Hawley 2005, p. 446.
- ^ Hawley 2005, pp. 105, 433.
- ^ a b Turnbull 2002, p. 230.
- ^ a b Turnbull 2002, p. 222.
- ^ Ford, Shawn; Pang, Loretta (1997). "History 241W: Asian History from the 15th Century to Present". Horizons. Kapi‘olani Community College – via University of Hawaii.
- ^ Turnbull 2008, p. 85.
- ^ History of Ming, Chapter 322: Japan. "前後七載，喪師數十萬，糜餉數百萬，中朝與朝鮮迄無勝算" (For seven years, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed, and millions have been spent. There were no chances of victory in China and Korea.)
- ^ Perez 2013, p. 141 "Korean and Chinese forces were able to hold off the Japanese troops and confine the fighting to the southern provinces."
- ^ History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong.
- ^ Turnbull 2002, pp. 137–143, 204–227.
- ^ Turnbull 2002, p. 134 "(Korean) war minister Yi Hang-bok pointed out that assistance from China was the only way Korea could survive."
- ^ Ford, Shawn (1997). "The Failure of the 16th Century Japanese Invasions of Korea".
- ^ Turnbull 2012, p. 17 "His naval victories were to prove decisive in the Japanese defeat, although Yi was to die during his final battle in 1598."
- ^ Perez 2013, p. 140 "Just as a complete Japanese victory appeared imminent, Admiral Yi entered the war and quickly turned the tide."
- ^ Elisonas 1991, p. 278.
- ^ Lee 1984, p. 212.
- ^ Lewis 2014, pp. 60–61 "The righteous armies that appeared in 1592 smashed the local rule distributed across Korea's eight provinces by the Japanese military. The righteous army activities were one of the most important factors for the frustration of the Toyotomi regime's ambition to subjugate Ming China and extend dominion over Korea."
- ^ Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 31, October 12, Article 7 (1598).
- ^ Turnbull 2002, p. 222 "The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses"
- ^ History of Ming, Chapter 320. "士卒物故者二萬." (20000 losses)
- ^ Turnbull 2002, pp. 225–236.
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