Back نقار الخشب ذو المنقار العاجي Arabic نقار الخشب منقار العاج ARZ Белоклюн кълвач Bulgarian Campephilus principalis Breton Picot negre bec d'ivori Catalan Campephilus principalis CEB Datel knížecí Czech Cnocell fwyaf America Welsh Elfenbeinspecht German Eburbeka pego Esperanto
| Ivory-billed woodpecker | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photograph of a male ivory-billed woodpecker leaving the nest as the female returns, taken on the Singer Tract, Louisiana, April 1935, by Arthur A. Allen | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Picidae |
| Genus: | Campephilus |
| Species: | C. principalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Campephilus principalis | |
| Subspecies | |
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| |
| Estimated range of the ivory-billed woodpecker prior to 1860 (solid line) and in 1891 (hatched area) – by Edwin Hasbrouck | |
| Synonyms | |
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Picus principalis Linnaeus, 1758 | |
The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is a woodpecker native to the Southern United States and Cuba.[a] Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced populations so severely that the last universally accepted sighting in the United States was in 1944, and the last universally accepted sighting in Cuba was in 1987.[3][4][5][6]
The ivory-bill is the largest woodpecker in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Naturalist John James Audubon described it as the "Great chieftain of the woodpecker tribe".[7] In adults, the bill is ivory in color, hence the species' common name, and the plumage is deep black and white, with a red crest in males.
The bird was commonly found in bottomland hardwood forests, including dense swampland, and in temperate coniferous forests. Its diet consists of large beetle larvae, particularly wood-boring Cerambycidae beetles, supplemented by vegetable matter, including southern magnolia, pecans, acorns, hickory nuts, wild grapes, and persimmons. To hunt beetle larvae, the bird wedges bark from dead trees using its bill, exposing the larvae tunnels; within its range, the ivory-bill faces no real competitor in hunting these larvae.
In the 21st century, reported sightings and other evidence that the species persists in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Florida have been published, but the validity of these reports are disputed, with many sources arguing it is likely extinct.[2][8] Habitat protection and restoration efforts have been initiated in areas where the species might persist.
In September 2021, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)[9] proposed that the species be declared extinct. However, following public comment periods, the USFWS issued a news release stating it would continue to analyze and review information before making a final judgment.
- ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681425A182588014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681425A182588014.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Eckholm, Erik (5 May 1986). "Woodpecker, Believed Extinct, Seen in Cuba". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ Gallagher, Tim (11 April 2016). "Chasing the Ivory-Bill, Day 1: The Journey Begins". Audubon. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
until 1986, when Lester Short of the American Museum of Natural History and his colleagues announced seeing Ivory-bills in the mountains of eastern Cuba...The last sighting in Cuba was in 1987.
- ^ Lammertink, Martjan; Estrada, Alberto R. (1995). "Status of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis in Cuba: almost certainly extinct" (PDF). Bird Conservation International. 5 (1): 53–59. doi:10.1017/S095927090000294X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2022 – via www.cambridge.org.
The Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis has suffered from destruction of its habitat over the whole of its range, being last recorded in eastern Cuba (Ojito de Agua) in 1987.
- ^ Jackson, Jerome A. (4 March 2020). "Ivory-billed Woodpecker - Conservation and Management". Birds of The World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ornithological Biography, by John James Audubon".
- ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of 23 Extinct Species From the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants" (PDF). Federal Register. 86 (11). U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 54298–54337. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ Einhorn, Catrin (29 September 2021). "Protected Too Late: U.S. Officials Report More Than 20 Extinctions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
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