Back Неру, Џьавахарлал Abkhazian Jawaharlal Nehru Afrikaans Jawaharlal Nehru ALS ጃዋሃርላል ኔህሩ Amharic Jawaharlal Nehru AN जवाहरलाल नेहरू ANP جواهر لال نهرو Arabic جواهرلال نيهرو ARY جواهرلال نيهرو ARZ জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু Assamese
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1948 | |
| Prime Minister of India | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Monarch | George VI (until 1950) |
| President |
|
| Governors General |
|
| Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel (until 1950) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| Union Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| Head of Interim Government of India | |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947 | |
| Governors General |
|
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
| Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 27 May 1964 (aged 74) New Delhi, Delhi, India |
| Resting place | Shantivan |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | See below |
| Signature |  |
Jawaharlal Nehru[b] (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat,[2] and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947, he served as the country's first prime minister for 16 years.[3] Nehru promoted parliamentary democracy, secularism, and science and technology during the 1950s, powerfully influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs, he steered India clear of the two blocs of the Cold War. A well-regarded author, the books he wrote in prison, such as Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929), An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery of India (1946), have been read around the world.
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and trained in the law at the Inner Temple. He became a barrister, returned to India, enrolled at the Allahabad High Court and gradually became interested in national politics, which eventually became a full-time occupation. He joined the Indian National Congress, rose to become the leader of a progressive faction during the 1920s, and eventually of the Congress, receiving the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru as his political heir. As Congress president in 1929, Nehru called for complete independence from the British Raj.
Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s. Nehru promoted the idea of the secular nation-state in the 1937 provincial elections, allowing the Congress to sweep the elections and form governments in several provinces. In September 1939, the Congress ministries resigned to protest Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's decision to join the war without consulting them. After the All India Congress Committee's Quit India Resolution of 8 August 1942, senior Congress leaders were imprisoned, and for a time, the organisation was suppressed. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, and had desired instead to support the Allied war effort during World War II, came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape. Under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League had come to dominate Muslim politics in the interim. In the 1946 provincial elections, Congress won the elections, but the League won all the seats reserved for Muslims, which the British interpreted as a clear mandate for Pakistan in some form. Nehru became the interim prime minister of India in September 1946, with the League joining his government with some hesitancy in October 1946.
Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, Nehru gave a critically acclaimed speech, "Tryst with Destiny"; he was sworn in as the Dominion of India's prime minister and raised the Indian flag at the Red Fort in Delhi. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, Nehru became the Republic of India's first prime minister. He embarked on an ambitious economic, social, and political reform programme. Nehru promoted a pluralistic multi-party democracy. In foreign affairs, he led the establishment the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nations that did not seek membership in the two main ideological blocs of the Cold War. Under Nehru's leadership, the Congress dominated national and state-level politics and won elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962. He died in office from a heart attack in 1964. His birthday is celebrated as Children's Day in India.[4]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ "Nehru". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 2020. Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ —
- Ganguly, Sumit; Mukherji, Rahul (2011). India Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-139-49866-1.
Nehru was a social democrat who believed that liberal political and economic institutions could deliver economic growth with redistribution. The 1950s witnessed greater state control over industrial activity and the birth of the industrial licensing system, which made it necessary for companies to seek the permission of the government before initiating business in permitted areas.
- Schenk, Hans (2020). Housing India's Urban Poor 1800–1965: Colonial and Post-colonial Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-019185-1.
The idea that the state should actively and in a planned and 'rational' and 'modern' manner promote development originated abroad. Inspiration came to some extent from the Soviet Russian planned economic development, and for some, including Nehru, from the—at that time still a bit remote—concept of the West European and largely social-democrat idea of the 'Welfare' state.
- Winiecki, Jan (2016). Shortcut or Piecemeal: Economic Development Strategies and Structural Change. Central European University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9789633860632.
Nehru, a Fabian socialist, or social-democrat in modern parlance, either did not read Mill or disregarded the (minimal) institutional requirements outlined by that classical writer. In Nehru's view, it was the state that should direct the economy from the center, as well as decide about the allocation of scarce resources.
- Chalam, K. S. (2017). Social Economy of Development in India. Sage. p. 325. ISBN 9789385985126.
Social democrats advocate peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism. While Jawaharlal Nehru was considered as a social democrat, his colleague in the Constituent Assembly, B. R. Ambedkar, was emphatic about state socialism. It appears that the compromise between these two ideas has been reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy. The principles of social democracy and/or democratic socialism can be interrogated in the context of the present situation in India.
- Ganguly, Sumit; Mukherji, Rahul (2011). India Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-139-49866-1.
- ^ "PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU". Indian National Congress.
- ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of modern India". Hindustan Times. 14 November 2019.