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Kava

This article is about the plant. For the class of pharmacological derivatives, see Kavalactone. For other uses, see Kava (disambiguation).

Kava
Piper methysticum leaves
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species:
P. methysticum
Binomial name
Piper methysticum

Kava or kava kava (Piper methysticum: Latin 'pepper' and Latinized Greek 'intoxicating') is a plant in the pepper family, native to the Pacific Islands.[1] The name kava is from Tongan and Marquesan, meaning 'bitter.’[1] Other names for kava include ʻawa (Hawaiʻi),[2] ʻava (Samoa), yaqona or yagona (Fiji),[3] sakau (Pohnpei),[4] seka (Kosrae),[5] and malok or malogu (parts of Vanuatu).[6] Kava can refer to either the plant or a beverage made from its root. The beverage has sedative, anesthetic, psychoactive and mildly euphoriant properties. It is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, including Hawaii and Vanuatu, Melanesia, some parts of Micronesia, such as Pohnpei and Kosrae, and the Philippines.

Kava consists of sterile cultivars clonally propagated from its wild ancestor, Piper wichmanii.[6] It originated in northern Vanuatu, where it was domesticated by farmers around 3,000 years ago through selective cultivation.[7] Historically, the beverage was made from fresh kava; preparation from dry kava emerged in response to the efforts of Christian missionaries in the 18th and 19th centuries to prohibit the drinking of kava.[8]

Its active compounds are known as kavalactones.[9] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted in the last decade have typically indicated a modest positive effect of kava on anxiety and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, though the evidence is mixed and further research is frequently recommended.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Moderate consumption of kava in its traditional form, as a water-based suspension of kava roots, is considered by the World Health Organization to present an “acceptably low level of health risk.”[16] However, consumption of kava extracts produced with organic solvents or excessive amounts of low-quality kava products may be linked to an increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including liver injury.[16][17][18]

  1. ^ a b "Kava". Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary. 2018.
  2. ^ "Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi". wehewehe.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  3. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Fiji". www.fijiembassy.be. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  4. ^ Balick, Michael J. and Leem, Roberta (2002) Traditional use of sakau (kava) in Pohnpei: lessons for integrative medicine Alternative Therapies, Vol. 8, No.4. p. 96
  5. ^ Lebot V, Merlin M, Lindstrom L (23 December 1992). Kava. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt211qwxb. ISBN 978-0-300-23898-3.
  6. ^ a b Lebot V, Merlin M, Lindstrom L (1997). Kava: The Pacific Elixir: The Definitive Guide to Its Ethnobotany, History, and Chemistry. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89281-726-9.
  7. ^ Vincent Lebot, Patricia Siméoni (2004). "Is the Quality of Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.) Responsible for Different Geographical Patterns?" (PDF). Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2: 19–28. doi:10.17348/era.2.0.19-28.
  8. ^ Vincent Lebot, Patricia Siméoni (2004). "Is the Quality of Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.) Responsible for Different Geographical Patterns?" (PDF). Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2: 19–28. doi:10.17348/era.2.0.19-28.
  9. ^ Wang J, Qu W, Bittenbender HC, et al. (2013). "Kavalactone content and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of kavalactones using different solvents". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52 (2): 1164–1169. doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1047-2. PMC 4325077. PMID 25694734.
  10. ^ Savage, K. M., Stough, C. K., Byrne, G. J., Scholey, A., Bousman, C., Murphy, J., Macdonald, P., Suo, C., Hughes, M., Thomas, S., Teschke, R., Xing, C., & Sarris, J. (2015). Kava for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder (K-GAD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 16, 493. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0986-5
  11. ^ Barić, H., Đorđević, V., Cerovečki, I., & Trkulja, V. (2018). Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Therapy, 35(3), 261-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
  12. ^ Smith, K., & Leiras, C. (2018). The effectiveness and safety of Kava Kava for treating anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 33, 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.09.003
  13. ^ White, C. M. (2018). The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events associated with kava. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58(11), 1396-1405. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1263
  14. ^ Sarris, J., et al. (2020). Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419891246
  15. ^ Burton, N., Sneed, K. B., & Pathak, Y. (2023). Systemic review of the use of Kava Kava for the reduction of anxiety disorder. Medicon Medical Sciences, 5(2). Retrieved from https://themedicon.com/pdf/medicalsciences/MCMS-05-149.pdf
  16. ^ a b "Kava: a review of the safety of traditional and recreational beverage consumption" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, Rome, Italy. 2016.
  17. ^ Kuchta K, Schmidt M, Nahrstedt A (1 December 2015). "German Kava Ban Lifted by Court: The Alleged Hepatotoxicity of Kava (Piper methysticum) as a Case of Ill-Defined Herbal Drug Identity, Lacking Quality Control, and Misguided Regulatory Politics". Planta Medica. 81 (18): 1647–1653. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1558295. ISSN 1439-0221. PMID 26695707. S2CID 23708406.
  18. ^ Showman AF, Baker JD, Linares C, et al. (2015). "Contemporary Pacific and Western perspectives on 'awa (Piper methysticum) toxicology". Fitoterapia. 100: 56–67. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.012. PMID 25464054.
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