Back الخضر Arabic Xızır Azerbaijani Хызыр (персонаж) Bashkir খিজির Bengali/Bangla Хизр CE Al-Chidr German Xızıro Khal DIQ Al-Khidr Spanish خضر Persian Al-Khidr French

Khidr

[1][2] al-Khidr
ٱلْخَضِر
al-Khaḍir
Mystic, Green One, The Verdant One, Teacher of the Prophets, Sayyidina, Guide
Venerated inIslam
InfluencedCountless Sufi saints and mystics
PredecessorYusha bin Nun
SuccessorLuqman

Al-Khidr (/ˈxɪdər/, Arabic: ٱلْخَضِر, romanized: al-Khaḍir; also Romanized as al-Khadir, Khader, Khidr, Hidr, Khizr, Kezr, Kathir, Khazer, Khadr, Khedher, Khizir, Khizar, Khilr) is a figure mentioned in Surah Al-Kahf of the Quran. He is described as a righteous servant of God possessing great wisdom and mystic knowledge. In various Islamic and non-Islamic traditions, Khidr is described as an angel, prophet, or wali,[3][4] who guards the sea, teaches secret knowledge[5] and aids those in distress.[6] He prominently figures as patron of the Islamic saint ibn Arabi.[7] The figure of al-Khidr has been syncretized over time with various other figures including Dūraoša[8] and Sorūsh in Iran,[9][10][11] Sargis the General[12][13] and Saint George in Asia Minor and the Levant,[14] Elijah[15] and Samael (the divine prosecutor)[citation needed] in Judaism, Elijah among the Druze, John the Baptist in Armenia, and Jhulelal[16] in Sindh and Punjab in South Asia.[17][18][19][20][21][22] He is commemorated on the holiday of Hıdırellez.

Though not mentioned by name in the Quran, he is named by Islamic scholars as the figure described in Quran 18:65–82 as a servant of God who has been given "knowledge" and who is accompanied and questioned by the prophet Musa (Moses) about the many seemingly unfair or inappropriate actions he (Al-Khidr) takes (sinking a ship, killing a young man, repaying inhospitality by repairing a wall). At the end of the story Khidr explains the circumstances unknown to Moses that made each of the actions fair and appropriate.

  1. ^ Sijilmāsī, Aḥmad ibn al-Mubārak (2007). Pure gold from the words of Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh = al-Dhabab al-Ibrīz min kalām Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh. John O'Kane, Bernd Radtke. Leiden, the Netherlands. p. 684. ISBN 978-90-474-3248-7. OCLC 310402464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Chishti (11 March 2018). "10 Sufi tales about khwaja Khidr". The Sufi Tavern. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  3. ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 978-0-826-44956-6 page 225
  4. ^ Bruce Privratsky Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory Routledge, 19 Nov 2013 ISBN 9781136838170 p. 121
  5. ^ John P. Brown The Darvishes: Or Oriental Spiritualism Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-135-02990-6 page 100
  6. ^ M. C. Lyons The Arabian Epic: Volume 1, Introduction: Heroic and Oral Story-telling Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 9780521017381 p. 46
  7. ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2009). "Angels". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204. ISBN 9789004181304.
  8. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
  9. ^ Gürdal Aksoy, Dersim: Alevilik, Ermenilik, Kürtlük, Ankara, 2012, p. 65-80, Dipnot yayınevi (in Turkish), ISBN 9786054412501; Anna Krasnowolska, ḴEZR, Encyclopædia Iranica, 2009
  10. ^ "ḴEŻR – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  11. ^ ""Hızır versus Hızır: Kültür Tarihi, Din Sosyolojisi ve Astroloji Bağlamında Dersim Aleviliğinde Xızır", in Kızılbaşlık, Alevilik, Bektaşilik (Tarih-Kimlik-İnanç-Ritüel), Derleyenler: Yalçın Çakmak – İmran Gürtaş, İstanbul, 2015: İletişim | Gürdal Aksoy". Academia.edu. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 13 January 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ Aksoy 2012, p. 65-80; Elizabeth Key Fowden, The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran, Berkeley, 1999, University of California Press; F.W. Hasluck, 'Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda', The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 20 (1913/1914), p. 101-2
  13. ^ "Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  14. ^ Adil, Nazim. "Saint George (Khidr) Slays the Dragon and Becomes a Saint". SufiLive. Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  15. ^ Meri, Josef W. (14 November 2002). The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-169796-8.
  16. ^ Kumar, P. Pratap (11 September 2014). "Contemporary Hinduism in North India". Sindhi Hindus. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9781317546368. Retrieved 4 July 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Jatt, Zahida Rehman (3 June 2015). "Jhulay Lal's cradle of tolerance". Dawn News. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  18. ^ Theo Maarten van Lint, "The Gift of Poetry: Khidr and John the Baptist as Patron Saints of Muslim and Armenian šīqs – Ašułs", Van Ginkel J.J., Murre-van den Berg H.L., Van Lint T.M. (eds.), Redefining Christian Identity. Cultural Interaction in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam, Leuven-Paris-Dudley, Peeters, 2005 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 134), p. 335-378 ISBN 90-42914181
  19. ^ H.S. Haddad, "Georgic" Cults and Saints of the Levant, Numen, Vol. 16, Fasc. 1, Apr. 1969, p. 21-39, see JSTOR 3269569; J. Mackley, "St. George: patron saint of England?", paper presented to: Staff Researches Seminar, University of Northapmton, 5 May 2011
  20. ^ Raz, Dan Savery. "Israel's forgotten tribe". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  21. ^ Mackley, J. (5 May 2011). "St George: patron saint of England?" (PDF). Nectar.northampton.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  22. ^ Badamo, Heather A. (2011). Image and Community: Representations of Military Saints in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/89747.
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