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 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2024) |
| Khmelnytsky Uprising | |||||||||
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| Part of the Deluge | |||||||||
 Painting "Entrance of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv in 1649" by Mykola Ivasyuk in the 19th century | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Cossack Hetmanate .svg){kind=icon} Crimean Khanate (1648–1654, 1656–1657)  Moldavia (1651, 1653, 1656–1657)  Russia (1654–1656)  Sweden (1655–1656)  Brandenburg (1655–1656)  Wallachia (1656–1657)  Transylvania (1656–1657) |
 Poland–Lithuania Moldavia (1648–1650, 1653) Wallachia (1653) Transylvania (1653) Crimean Khanate (1654–1656) Russia (1656–1657)  Holy Roman Empire (1656–1657)  Denmark–Norway (1657) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Bohdan Khmelnytsky # Tymofiy Khmelnytsky † Ivan Bohun Maksym Kryvonis † Ivan Sirko Ivan Zolotarenko † Anton Zhdanovych Matvei Sikorski İslâm III Giray Tugay Bey † Vasile Lupu Alexis of Russia Gheorghe Ștefan Matei Basarab |
John II Casimir Jeremi Wiśniowiecki # Marcin Kalinowski † Mikołaj Potocki # Stefan Potocki † Andrzej Potocki Piotr Potocki Stefan Czarniecki George II Rákóczi (till 1657) Mehmed IV Giray | ||||||||
| History of Ukraine |
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The Khmelnytsky Uprising,[a] also known as the Cossack–Polish War,[1] or the Khmelnytsky insurrection,[2] was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine. Under the command of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, allied with the Crimean Tatars and local Ukrainian peasantry, fought against Commonwealth's forces. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against prisoners of war and the civilian population, especially the Jews and Roman Catholic and Ruthenian Uniate clergy,[3][4] as well as savage reprisals by loyalist Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, the voivode of Ruthenian descent (military governor) of the Ruthenian Voivodeship.[5]: 355
The uprising has a symbolic meaning in the history of Ukraine's relationship with Poland and Russia. It ended the Polish Catholic szlachta′s domination over the Ukrainian Orthodox population; at the same time, it led to the eventual incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement, whereby the Cossacks would swear allegiance to the tsar while retaining a wide degree of autonomy. The event triggered a period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as the Ruin. The success of the anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland and concurrent wars waged by the Poles against Russia and Sweden, ended the Polish Golden Age and caused a secular decline of Polish power during the period known in Polish history as "the Deluge".
In Jewish history, the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders (arendators), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of antisemitic violence.[3][6]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ "Cossack-Polish War". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022.
- ^ The Khmelnytsky insurrection Britannica
- ^ a b "Khmel'nitskiy Bogdan" Хмельницкий Богдан [Khmelnitsky Bogdan]. The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia (in Russian). 2005. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022.
- ^ Batista, Jakub (2014). "Chmielnicki Massacres (1648–1649)". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-59884-926-4.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
davieswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Rosenthal, Herman (1906). "Cossacks' Uprising". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024.