Back Masarautar Kumaon Hausa कुमाऊँ राज्य Hindi Kerajaan Kumaon ID Kumaon (stato) Italian ریاست کوماؤں PNB குமாவுன் இராச்சியம் Tamil ریاست کوماؤں Urdu
Kingdom of Kumaon कुमाऊं राज्य (Kumaoni) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 600–1791 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
Royal Seal | |||||||||
 .png){kind=small} Location of the Kumaon Kingdom, and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent.[1] | |||||||||
| Status |
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| Capital | |||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Ethnic groups | |||||||||
| Religion | State religion: Hinduism Other: Buddhism Islam | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Kumaoni | ||||||||
| Government | Federal Aristocracy under an Absolute monarchy influenced by Political Factions
or Occasionally an Oligarchy with a Monarchial Figurehead | ||||||||
| Maharajadhiraja | |||||||||
• 600 | Vasu Dev (First {Katyuri Dynasty} | ||||||||
• 1064 - 1065 | Bir Dev (Last {Katyuri Dynasty} | ||||||||
• 700 - 721 | Som Chand (First {Chand Dynasty} as Feudatory) | ||||||||
• 1450 - 1488 | Ratna Chand (36th {Chand Dynasty}, First of united Kumaon) | ||||||||
• 1638 - 1678 | Baz Bahadur Chand | ||||||||
• 1788 - 1791 | Mahendra Chand (Last) | ||||||||
| Diwan | |||||||||
• 700 - 721 | Joshi Sudhanidhi Chaube (First {Chand Dynasty}) | ||||||||
• 1788 - 1791 | Lal Singh (Last) | ||||||||
| Legislature | Panchayat of Kumaon (Powerful Privy council) | ||||||||
| Malladhada (Mahar Faction) | |||||||||
| Talladhada (Fartyal Faction) | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 600 | ||||||||
• Fall of Katyuri Dynasty | 11th Century | ||||||||
• Period of Fragmentation | 12th Century - 15th Century | ||||||||
• Reunification of Kumaon by Chand Dynasty | 1450 | ||||||||
• Invaded by Kingdom of Nepal | 1791 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 42,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi)(Approx. area during peak of Chand Dynasty) | ||||||||
| Currency | Rupee, Paisa | ||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||
29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E
Kingdom of Kumaon (Kumaoni: कुमाऊं राज्य , Persian: پادشاهی کوماون , Tibetan: ཀུ་མའོ་རྒྱལ་ཕྲན།) also known as Kurmanchal, was a Himalayan kingdom that existed for nearly 1200 years.[2] The kingdom was established by Vasu Dev of Katyuri Dynasty in 7th Century after he unified many small principalities. After the fall of the Katyuris in the 11th Centry and about three centuries of fragmentation, the Chand Dynasty managed to reunify Kumaon in the middle of 15th Century. During their rule Kumaon was spread sovereign from river Tons to river Karnali. They shifted the capital from Kartikeyapura (Baijnath) to Champawat in the 12th Century, and finally to Almora in 1563. Kumaon was annexed to the Kingdom of Nepal in 1791. [2][3][4]
During the 500 year rule of the Katyuris, new culture and traditions began to form, which would serve as the basis of modern day Kumaoni culture. Shaivism within Hinduism became the predominant belief of the region. Several temples were build during this time period, like the Jageshwar Temples Complex and the Katarmal Sun Temple. Sanskrit and Pali languages were widely used. The administration during this time was done very finely, bridges and roads were well built. All the functionaries were worthy, educated and devoted to their duty. After the decline of the Katyuri Dynasty, Kurmanchal fragmented into many petty kingdoms. [2][3]
After about three centuries of fragmentation, the Chand Dynasty unified what is the modern - day Kumaon division and Doti during the middle of 15th Century, although they were present in Kumaon from the 8th Century. During the 700 year rule (400 year rule of united Kumaon) of the Chands, culture and religion in Kumaon bloomed, and folk traditions and practices gained more and more importance as a popular form of folk Hinduism emerged, which is still majorly practiced. The Kumaoni language gained prominence while Sanskrit was used only for religious and educational purposes. A party system type of government was practiced during the Chand rule.[2] For about a century, the kingdom experienced a Golden Age and became an epicenter for trade, religion, education and literature among the Himalayan kingdoms. From the start of 18th Century the Kingdom of Kumaon began to weaken. Owing to political instability, financial crisis, power stuggle, and rebellions within, the Kingdom of Nepal was able to invade and annex the Kingdom of Kumaon in 1791. After 24 years of oppressive Nepalese rule, this region fell to the British East India Company and later the British Crown.[2][3]
The Katyuris and the Chands left a substantial legacy to modern - day Uttarakhand. Much of the Kumaoni culture, societal norms, and folk traditions, along with the Kumaoni language, derive from the culture and traditions of the Katyuris and the Chands.
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ a b c d e Dutt Pandey, Badri (1937). Kumaon Ka Itihas [History Of Kumaon] (in Hindi) (1st Volume ed.). Almora, Uttarakhand, India: Almora Book Depot (published January 1993). ISBN 978-8190008655.
- ^ a b c Atkinson, Edwin T. (Edwin Thomas), 1840-1890. (1990). Himalayan Gazetter. Cosmo. OCLC 183008777.
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