Back Reino de Cerdenya AN مملكة سردينيا Arabic مملكة سردينيا ARZ Reinu de Cerdeña AST Sardiniya krallığı Azerbaijani Сардзінскае каралеўства Byelorussian Сардинско кралство Bulgarian Rouantelezh Sardigna Breton Kraljevina Sardinija BS Regne de Sardenya Catalan
Kingdom of Sardinia | |
|---|---|
| 1297–1861 | |
.svg) .svg) Top: Flag during the Aragonese and Spanish periods, and again c. 1324–1720, longest use
Bottom: Flag (1816–1848) during the union with Piedmont–Savoy  | |
| Motto: FERT (Motto for the House of Savoy) | |
| Anthem: S'hymnu sardu nationale "The Sardinian National Anthem" | |
 Kingdom of Sardinia–Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green | |
| Status |
|
| Capital | |
| Common languages | Catalan and Spanish (official, pre-1720), French (official, pre-1760), Italian (official, 1760) Sardinian, Corsican, Piedmontese, Ligurian, Occitan, and Arpitan |
| Religion | Catholic (official, 1848) |
| Demonym(s) | Sardinian |
| Government |
|
| King | |
• 1324–1327 (first) | James II |
• 1849–1861 (last) | Victor Emmanuel II |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1848 (first) | Cesare Balbo |
• 1860–1861 (last) | Camillo Benso |
| Legislature | Parliament (1848–1861) |
| Subalpine Senate (1848–1861) | |
| Chamber of Deputies (1848–1861) | |
| Historical era | Middle Ages, early modern, late modern |
| 1297 | |
| 1297 | |
| 1708 | |
| 1717 | |
| 1720 | |
| 1848 | |
| 1860 | |
| 17 March 1861 | |
| Population | |
• 1821 | 3,974,500 |
| Currency |
|
| Today part of | |
.svg)
 |
| History of Sardinia |
The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names,[nb 1] was a country in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century, and from 1297 to 1768 for the Corsican part of this kingdom.[7] The kingdom was a member of the Council of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the papacy, which granted them as a fief, the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae (Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica),[8] to King James II of Aragon in 1297.[1][9] Beginning in 1324, James and his successors conquered the island of Sardinia and established de facto their de jure authority. In 1420, after the Sardinian–Aragonese war, the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning Spanish Empire.
In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the mainland states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. The formal name of this composite state was the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia",[10] and it was and is referred to as either Sardinia–Piedmont,[4][5] Piedmont–Sardinia, or erroneously the Kingdom of Piedmont, since the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy.[6] Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models, and centre of population were entirely situated in the mainland.[11] Therefore, while the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been de jure Cagliari, it was the Piedmontese city of Turin, the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the de facto seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the Perfect Fusion of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin.
When the mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by Napoleonic France, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the Republic of Genoa. Following Geneva's accession to Switzerland, the Treaty of Turin (1816) transferred Carouge and adjacent areas to the newly created Swiss Canton of Geneva. In 1847–1848, through an act of union analogous to the one between Great Britain and Ireland, the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the Statuto Albertino.
By the time of the Crimean War in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy,[12][13][14] and its capital was eventually moved first to Florence and then to Rome. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor state of the Kingdom of Italy,[2] which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic.[15]
- ^ a b Casùla, Francesco Cesare (2012). Italia. Il grande inganno. 1861–2011 (in Italian) (e-book ed.). Sassari; Ussana: Carlo Delfino Editore; Logus mondi interattivi (e-book). pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-88-98062-13-3. Retrieved 20 December 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Casùla, Francesco Cesare (2012). Italia. Il grande inganno. 1861–2011 (in Italian) (e-book ed.). Sassari; Ussana: Carlo Delfino Editore; Logus mondi interattivi (e-book). pp. 32–49. ISBN 978-88-98062-13-3. Retrieved 20 December 2024 – via Google Books.
... 1479, Regno di 'Sardegna e Corsica' malgrado non rappresentasse tutta la Sardegna e malgrado la Corsica non fosse interessata ma considerata solo ambita (non sarà mai conquistata). Poi, dal 1479, si chiamo solo Regno di Sardegna ... poi solo Regno di Sardegna (fino al 1861), poi Regno d'Italia (fino al 1946), e, finalmente, Repubblica Italiana. E, tutto questo, senza alcuna soluzione di continuità.
[... 1479, Kingdom of 'Sardinia and Corsica' even though it did not represent all of Sardinia and even though Corsica was not interested but only considered coveted (it will never be conquered). Then, from 1479, it was called only the Kingdom of Sardinia ... then only the Kingdom of Sardinia (until 1861), then the Kingdom of Italy (until 1946), and, finally, the Italian Republic. And, all this, without any solution of continuity.] - ^ Piras, Enrico (1996). Le monete della Sardegna, dal IV secolo a.C. al 1842 (in Italian). Sassari: Fondazione Banco di Sardegna. By the 14th century, the coinage minted since the establishment of the kingdom bore the reference to Sardinia only.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b Hearder, Harry (1983). "Cavour and the Achievement of Unity (1852–61)". Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870. Routledge. pp. 53–78. doi:10.4324/9781315836836-12. ISBN 978-1-315-83683-6. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ a b Chastain, James (1999). "Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848–1849". Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Ohio University. Retrieved 20 December 2024. Updated 2005.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 644. ISBN 978-81-269-0775-5.
- ^ Lucien, Bély (1768). "Cession à la France de la souveraineté sur la Corse". FranceArchives (in French). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ Schena, Olivetta (2012). "The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica". In Gamberini, Andrea; Lazzarini, Isabella (eds.). The Italian Renaissance State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–68. ISBN 978-0-511-84569-7. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ Cioppi, Alessandra (2021). "The Crown of Aragon and the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae in the Fourteenth Century: Comparing Institutional Identities". In Sabaté, Flocel (ed.). Identity in the Middle Ages: Approaches from Southwestern Europe. CARMEN Monographs and Studies. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 329–346. ISBN 978-1-64189-259-9. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Stobbs, Christopher (2000). "Savoyard diplomacy in the eighteenth century (1684-1798)". In Belton, Adrian; Frigo, Daniela (eds.). Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy: The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450–1800. Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–253. ISBN 978-0-511-52329-8. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ "Sardinia, Historical Kingdom". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024. Updated 14 November 2024 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Raspi, Raimondo Carta (1971). Storia della Sardegna (in Italian). Milan: Ugo Mursia Editore. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Casula, Francesco Cesare (2001). "Regno di Sardegna". Dizionario storico sardo (in Italian). Sassari: Carlo Delfino Editore. p. 70. ISBN 978-88-7138-241-8. OCLC 315870784. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Internet Archive.
Il regno, che dal 1475 si chiamò semplicemente Regno di Sardegna rimase giudidicamente aggregato in Corona (Corona d'Aragona, poi Corona di Spagna) fino alla fine della corona d'Aragona ... La sua storia procede fino al Risorgimento, quando, il 17 marzo 1861, ha cambiato nome in Regno d'Italia.
[The kingdom, which from 1475 was simply called the Kingdom of Sardinia, remained legally aggregated in the Crown (Crown of Aragon, then Crown of Spain) until the end of the Crown of Aragon ... Its history continues until the Risorgimento, when, on 17 March 1861, it changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy.] - ^ Ortu, Leopoldo (2011). Storia della Sardegna dal Medioevo all'età contemporanea (in Italian) (1st ed.). Cagliari: CUEC Editrice. ISBN 978-88-8467-647-4. OCLC 711514132.
- ^ Sandulli, Aldo; Vesperini, Giulio (2011). "L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario" (PDF). Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico (in Italian): 48–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
[At p. 94] Dall'indagine sulla legislazione del quadriennio 1861-64, innanzi svolta, trova conferma quanto affermato all'inizio e, cioè, che quello italiano non fu uno Stato nuovo, ma prevalse la continuità con le istituzioni e l'apparato amministrativo sabaudo. Si navigò a vista, senza elaborare un piano di riforme volto a costruire in modo organico e duraturo, preferendo operare per adattamenti e giustapposizioni. È emerso piuttosto chiaramente che si intese assicurare in tempi brevi la costruzione di uno Stato centrale (e periferico) forte, comprimendo gradualmente, soprattutto a seguito dell'emersione della questione meridionale, l'autonomia degli enti locali e i progetti riformatori tendenti al decentramento.
[From the investigation into the legislation of the four-year period 1861–64 carried out above, what was stated at the beginning is confirmed, that is, that the Italian state was not a new one, but continuity with the institutions and the administrative apparatus of Savoy prevailed. They navigated by sight, without developing a plan of reforms aimed at building in an organic and lasting way, preferring to operate by adaptations and juxtapositions. It emerged rather clearly that the intention was to ensure in a short time the construction of a strong central (and peripheral) state, gradually compressing, especially following the emergence of the Southern Question, the autonomy of local authorities, and reform projects tending towards decentralization.]
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