Kovalsky, feminine: Kovalskaya is a Russian surname, a Russification of Kowalski. Notable people with the surname include:
- Elena Kovalskaya, Russian theatre critic, curator, and teacher
- Leon Kovalsky (1940 – 2023), Russian politician
- Maksim Kovalsky (born 1993), Russian football player
- Vladislav Kovalsky (born 1947), Russian pianist
- Yelizaveta Kovalskaya (1851 – 1943), Russian revolutionary