Back Толстои, Лев Николаи-иԥа Abkhazian Leo Tolstoi Afrikaans Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi ALS Толстой, Лев Николаевич ALT ሊዮ ቶልስቶይ Amharic Leo Tolstoy AN ليو تولستوي Arabic ليو تولستوى ARZ লীঅ' টলষ্টয় Assamese Lev Tolstói AST
Leo Tolstoy Лев Толстой | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Tolstoy in 1908 | |
| Born | 9 September 1828 Yasnaya Polyana, Russian Empire |
| Died | 20 November 1910 (aged 82) Astapovo, Russian Empire |
| Resting place | Yasnaya Polyana, Russia |
| Occupation |
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| Education | Imperial Kazan University (dropped out) |
| Period | Modern |
| Genres |
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| Subjects | |
| Literary movement | Realism |
| Years active | 1847–1910 |
| Notable works | List |
| Notable awards | Griboyedov Prize (1892) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 14 |
| Signature | |
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Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy[note 1] (/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/;[1] Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой,[note 2] IPA: [ˈlʲef nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj] ⓘ; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910),[2] usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time.[3][4] He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909. Tolstoy never having won a Nobel Prize was a major Nobel Prize controversy, and remains one.[5][6]
Born to an aristocratic family, Tolstoy achieved acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Boyhood and Youth (1852–1856), and with Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based on his experiences in the Crimean War. Tolstoy's War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878)[7] are often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction[2] and two of the greatest novels ever written.[3][4] His fiction includes short stories such as "Alyosha the Pot" (1905) and "After the Ball" (1911) and novellas such as Family Happiness (1859), The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and Hadji Murad (1912). He also wrote plays and essays concerning philosophical, moral and religious themes.
In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work Confession (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist.[2] His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi,[8] Martin Luther King Jr.,[9] James Bevel,[10] and Ludwig Wittgenstein.[11] He also became a dedicated advocate of Georgism, the economic philosophy of Henry George, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in his novel Resurrection (1899).
Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. Virginia Woolf called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists",[12] and Gary Saul Morson referred to War and Peace as the greatest of all novels.[13]
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
- ^ "Tolstoy" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ a b c "Leo Tolstoy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ a b Burt, Daniel S. (2009). The Literary 100, Revised Edition: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time. Facts On File. pp. 13–16.
- ^ a b Popova, Maria (30 January 2012). "The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Hedin, Naboth (1 October 1950). "Winning the Nobel Prize". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Lichtman, Marshall A. (31 July 2022). "Controversies in Selecting Nobel Laureates: An Historical Commentary". Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 13 (3): e0022. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10479. ISSN 2076-9172. PMC 9345763. PMID 35921488.
- ^ Beard, Mary (5 November 2013). "Facing death with Tolstoy". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Hellman, Martin E. "Resist Not Evil". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2023. Originally published in Gandhi, Arun, ed. (1994). World Without Violence. M. K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence.
- ^ King, Martin Luther Jr.; Carson, Clayborne; et al. (2005). The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Vol. V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960. University of California Press. pp. 149, 269, 248. ISBN 978-0-520-24239-5.
- ^ The Children, 1999, David Halberstam
- ^ Monk, Ray (1991). Ludwig Wittgenstein: the duty of genius. New York: Penguin Books. p. 115 et passim. ISBN 978-0-14-015995-0.
- ^ Tolstoy, Leo (2023). "First Recollections". New England Review. 44 (2): 180–182. doi:10.1353/ner.2023.a901453. ISSN 2161-9131.
- ^ Morson, Gary Saul (2019). "The greatest of all novels". The New Criterion. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.