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List of Canadian monarchs

Monarchy of Canada
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Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the French colony of Canada, which subsequently became a British colony, followed by the British Dominion of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of Canada.[11] The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII.[20] However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word Canada was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada,[21] which was founded in the name of King Francis I.[22][23] Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.[28] Since the first claim by Henry VII,[29] there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.[37]

While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867,[38][39][40][41] the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,[42] and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.[43] Since then,[31] the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch.[N 1] Although the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI,[45] it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.

  1. ^ MacLeod, Kevin S. (2012). A Crown of Maples (PDF) (2 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  2. ^ "Crown in Canada – The Monarch". Queen's Printer for Canada. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  3. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  4. ^ a b Kenney, Jason (23 April 2007). "Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting". Written at Regina. In Department of Canadian Heritage (ed.). Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  5. ^ a b Valpy, Michael (13 November 2009). "The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  6. ^ MacLeod 2012, p. 6
  7. ^ Monet, Jacques. Marsh, James Harley (ed.). Governor General. Toronto: Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ The Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  9. ^ Coyne, Andrew (13 November 2009). "Defending the royals". Maclean's. Toronto: Roger's Communications. ISSN 0024-9262. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  10. ^ Editorial (26 May 2012), "Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada", Toronto Star, retrieved 27 May 2012
  11. ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  12. ^ Government of Canada (24 September 2014). "The Royal Family". The Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  13. ^ Government of Canada (1 July 2012). "Discover Canada – Canada's History". Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  14. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia (1 July 2008). "John Cabot". Historica Canada. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  15. ^ "The First Voyages of the Europeans". University of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  16. ^ Croxton, Derek (1990). "The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography". Canada History. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  17. ^ Memorial University of Newfoundland (1997). "John Cabot's Voyage of 1497". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  18. ^ a b Harper, Stephen (2008). "Letter" (PDF). In MacLeod, Kevin S. (ed.). A Crown of Maples. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 2012). p. vii. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  19. ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry. "The Sovereigns of Canada". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  20. ^ [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
  21. ^ "Origin of the Name - Canada". Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ Robertson, Colin (February 2008). "The true white north: reflections on being Canadian". Institute for Research on Public Policy. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  23. ^ a b Parliament of Canada. "Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  24. ^ MacLeod 2012, pp. 2–3, 39
  25. ^ Monet, Jacques (2007). "Crown and Country" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  26. ^ MacLeod 2012, p. 9
  27. ^ "Queen and Canada". The British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  28. ^ [4][5][18][23][24][25][26][27]
  29. ^ Bousfield, Arthur & Toffoli, Garry (2004). "The Monarchy and Canadian Independence". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  30. ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry. "The Sovereigns of Canada". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  31. ^ a b MacLeod 2012, p. 78
  32. ^ "Sovereigns Who have Reigned Over Canada". The Canadian Encyclodpdia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  33. ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (22 August 2013). "Kings and Queens of Canada". Queen's Printer for Ontario. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  34. ^ Heritage Canada (2013). "The Kings and Queens of Canada" (PDF). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  35. ^ Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Toronto: Dundurn. pp. 233–236.
  36. ^ "Canada's Monarchy throughout History". Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  37. ^ [30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
  38. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia (22 September 2013). "Confederation". Historica Canada. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  39. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  40. ^ "Constitutional History, 1867 – 1931: Becoming a Nation". Canadiana. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  41. ^ Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  42. ^ Heard, Andrew (1990). "Canadian Independence". Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  43. ^ "Constitutional History, 1931 – 1982: Toward Renewal and Patriation". Canadiana. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  44. ^ R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998), QB 892 at 928 (English Court of Appeal June 1999).
  45. ^ Galbraith, William (1989). "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit". Canadian Parliamentary Review. 12 (3). Ottawa: Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2009.


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