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This is a complete list of khans of the Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde,[1] and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde. Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of the Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502.[2] The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in the second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs.
| Western Half (Blue Horde) Ulus of Batu |
Eastern Half (White Horde) Ulus of Orda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jochi جوچى As deputy of Genghis Khan in Central and Western Asia c. 1207–1227 C.E. | ||||
| Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi, Khanate of Qipchāq or Kipchak) طلائی آردا خانان قپچاق قوم جوجی 1227–1459 C.E. | ||||
| Batu Khan باتو خان As overall Khan 1227–1255 C.E. |
Orda Khan آردا خان 1227–1251 C.E. | |||
| Sartaq Khan سارتاق خان As overall Khan 1255–1256 C.E. |
Qun Quran قن قوران 1251–1280 C.E. | |||
| Ulaqchi Khan اولاقچی خان As overall Khan 1256–1257 C.E. |
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| Berke Khan برکه خان As overall Khan 1257–1266 C.E. |
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| Möngke Temür منگو تیمور As overall Khan 1266–1280 C.E. |
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| Töde Möngke تودا منگو As overall Khan 1280–1287 C.E. |
Köchü کوجو 1280–1302 C.E. | |||
| Töle Buqa تالابغا As overall Khan 1287–1291 C.E. |
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| Toqta تختا خان As overall Khan 1291–1312 C.E. |
Buyan or Bayan Khan بیان خان 1302–1309 C.E. | |||
| Muhammad Uzbeg Khan محمد ازبک خان As overall Khan 1313–1341 C.E. |
Sasibuqa Khan ساسیبوقا خان c. 1310–1320 C.E. (dubious) | |||
| Erzen ؟ 1320–1341 C.E. (dubious) | ||||
| Tīnī Beg تینی بیگ As overall Khan 1341–1342 C.E. |
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| Jānī Beg جانی بیگ As overall Khan 1342–1357 C.E. |
Chimtay چمطائي 1344–1360 C.E. (dubious) | |||
| Berdi Beg بردی بیگ As overall Khan 1357–1359 C.E. |
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| Qulpa Khan قلپا خان As overall Khan 1359–1360 C.E. |
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| Nawrūz Beg نوروز بیگ As overall Khan 1360 C.E. |
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| Khiḍr Khan خضر خان ابن ساسیبوقا خان 1360–1361 C.E. |
Qara Nogai 1360–1361 C.E. | |||
| Tīmūr Khwāja تیمور خواجه ابن خضر خان 1361 C.E. |
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| Ordu Malik (Ordu Shaykh) اردو ملک شیخ 1361 C.E. |
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| Kildi Beg ؟ 1361–1362 C.E. |
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| ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1362 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai |
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| Murād مراد خان 1362 C.E. |
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| Khayr Pūlād (Mīr Pūlād) ? 1362–1364 C.E. |
Tughluq Tīmūr 1363–c. 1365 C.E. | |||
| ʿAzīz Shaykh عزیز شیخ 1364–1367 C.E. |
Mubārak Khwāja مبارک خواجہ c. 1365–1369 C.E. | |||
| ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1367–1368 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai |
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| Ūljāy Tīmūr تیمور 1368 C.E. |
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| Haṣan Beg حسن بیگ 1368–1369 C.E. |
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| ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1369 C.E. 3rd reign at Sarai |
Qutluq Khwāja 1369–1370 C.E. | |||
| Urus Khan عروس خان 1369–1370 C.E. | ||||
| Tūlūn Beg Khānum ؟ As a puppet Queen under Mamai 1370–1371 C.E. |
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| Muḥammad-Sulṭān محمد بولاق As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1371–1373 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai |
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| Urus Khan عروس خان 1373 C.E. | ||||
| Hājjī Cherkes حاجی چرکس 1373–1374 C.E. |
Urus Khan عروس خان 1373–1374 C.E. | |||
| Īl Beg خان ایبک 1374 C.E. |
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| Muḥammad-Sulṭān محمد بولاق As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1374 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai |
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| Urus Khan عروس خان 1374–1375 C.E. | ||||
| Qāghān Beg غیاث الدین خاقان بیگ 1375–1377 C.E. |
Urus Khan عروس خان 1375–1377 C.E. | |||
| ʿArab Shāh عرب شاہ مظفر 1377–1380 C.E. |
Toqtaqiya توک تکیا 1377 C.E. | |||
| Tīmūr Malik تیمور ملک 1377–1379 C.E. | ||||
| Tokhtamysh تختامش خان 1379–1380 C.E. | ||||
| Tokhtamysh تختامش خان As Khan 1380–1395 C.E. | ||||
| Quyurchuq ? 1395–1397 C.E. | ||||
| Tīmūr Qutluq تیمور قتلغ ابن تیمور ملک Khan in alliance with Edigu 1397–1399 C.E. | ||||
| Shādī Beg شادی بیگ ابن تیمور ملک Khan in alliance with Edigu 1399–1407 C.E. | ||||
| Pūlād Khan ? Khan in alliance with Edigu 1407–1409 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
| Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1409 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
| Pūlād Khan ? Khan in alliance with Edigu 1409–1410 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
| Tīmūr Khan تیمور خان ابن تیمور قتلغ Khan in alliance with Edigu 1410–1411 C.E. | ||||
| Jalāl ad-Din Zeleni Saltan جلال الدین خان ابن تختامش 1411–1412 C.E. | ||||
| Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1412–1413 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
| Kebek قبق خان ابن تختامش 1413–1414 C.E. | ||||
| Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1414 C.E. 3rd reign at Sarai | ||||
| Jabbār Berdi جبار بردی خان 1414–1415 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
| Chekre چکرہ خان ابن اکمل Khan in alliance with Edigu 1415–1416 C.E. | ||||
| Jabbār Berdi جبار بردی خان 1416–1417 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
| Darwīsh درویش خان a puppet Khan of Edigu 1417–1419 C.E. | ||||
| Qādir Berdi قدیر بردی خان ابن تختامش 1419 C.E. | ||||
| Ḥājjī Muḥammad حاجی محمد خان ابن اغلان علی a puppet Khan of Edigu's sons 1419 C.E. | ||||
| *Ulugh Muḥammad الغ محمد 1419–1421 C.E. *Dawlat Berdi دولت بردی 1419–1421 C.E. | ||||
| Barāq Khan (His son Jani Beg Khan along with Kerey Khan founded the Kazakh Khanate in 1456) براق خان بن کویرچک 1421–1427 C.E. | ||||
| Ulugh Muḥammad (Founded the Kazan Khanate in 1438) الغ محمد 1427–1433 C.E. | ||||
| Sayyid Aḥmad I سید احمد اول 1433–1435 C.E. | ||||
| Küchük Muḥammad کوچک محمد 1435–1459 C.E. | ||||
| Golden Horde broke up as follows: 1438, Kazan Khanate under Ulugh Muhammad; 1441, Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray; Qasim Khanate (1452). The remnant, which became known as the Great Horde, was left with the steppe between the Dnieper and Yaik, the capital Sarai and a claim to represent the tradition of the Golden Horde. | ||||
| Great Horde عظیم اردو 1459–1502 C.E. | ||||
| Maḥmūd (Founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1466) محمود بن کوچک 1459–1465 C.E. | ||||
| Aḥmad احمد خان 1465–1481 C.E. | ||||
| Shaykh Aḥmad سید احمد ثانی 1481–1502 C.E | ||||
| The Great Horde collapsed gradually and territories became independent Khanates; 1466, Astrakhan Khanate under one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons named Mahmud bin Küchük; Tyumen Khanate (1468, later Siberia Khanate). | ||||
- ^ These color references in most English-language scholarship are based on earlier works that were dependent on Persian sources, which inverted the color labels used by the arguably more relevant Turkish sources. See May 2016 and May 2018: 282–283.
- ^ Compare the (incomplete) list in Bosworth 1996: 252–254.