Back علاج بالليثيوم Arabic لیتیم (پزشکی) AZB Liti (medicament) Catalan Cyfansoddion Lithiwm Welsh Lithiumtherapie German Litio (medicamento) Spanish لیتیم (دارو) Persian Litium (lääke) Finnish Sel de lithium French ליתיום (תרופה) HE
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&sq=Albert Einstein&lang=en&file=File:Lithium-carbonate-xtal-1979-Mercury-3D-sf.png) Lithium carbonate, an example of a lithium salt | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Lithane, others[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a681039 |
| License data | |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth, parenteral |
| Drug class | Mood stabilizer |
| ATC code | |
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| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | None |
| Metabolism | Kidney |
| Elimination half-life | 24 h, 36 h (elderly)[5] |
| Excretion | >95% kidney |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
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| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | Li+ |
| Molar mass | 6.94 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication,[5] primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder.[5] Lithium is taken orally (by mouth).[5]
Common side effects include increased urination, shakiness of the hands, and increased thirst.[5] Serious side effects include hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus, and lithium toxicity.[5] Blood level monitoring is recommended to decrease the risk of potential toxicity.[5] If levels become too high, diarrhea, vomiting, poor coordination, sleepiness, and ringing in the ears may occur.[5] Lithium is teratogenic and can cause birth defects at high doses, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. The use of lithium while breastfeeding is controversial; however, many international health authorities advise against it, and the long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure have not been studied.[6] The American Academy of Pediatrics lists lithium as contraindicated for pregnancy and lactation.[7] The United States Food and Drug Administration categorizes lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy and possible hazardous risk for lactation.[7][8]
Lithium salts are classified as mood stabilizers.[5] Lithium's mechanism of action is not known.[5]
In the nineteenth century, lithium was used in people who had gout, epilepsy, and cancer.[9] Its use in the treatment of mental disorders began with Carl Lange in Denmark[10] and William Alexander Hammond in New York City,[11] who used lithium to treat mania from the 1870s onwards, based on now-discredited theories involving its effect on uric acid. Use of lithium for mental disorders was re-established (on a different theoretical basis) in 1948 by John Cade in Australia.[9] Lithium carbonate is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines,[12] and is available as a generic medication.[5] In 2022, it was the 212th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[13][14] It appears to be underused in older people,[15] and in certain countries, for reasons including patients’ negative beliefs about lithium.[16]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
brandswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 – Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 – Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ "Lithane- lithium carbonate tablet". DailyMed. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Lithium Salts". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V (December 2018). "Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review". International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 6 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7. PMC 6274637. PMID 30506447.
- ^ a b Armstrong C (15 September 2008). "ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation". American Family Physician. 78 (6): 772. ISSN 0002-838X. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^ "Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide" (PDF). U.S. FDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^ a b Sneader W (2005). Drug discovery: a history (Rev. and updated ed.). Chichester: Wiley. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ^ Lenox RH, Watson DG (February 1994). "Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness". Clinical Chemistry. 40 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.2.309. PMID 8313612.
- ^ Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (2000). "Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (4): 515–517. PMC 2560742. PMID 10885179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2012.
- ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Lithium Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Almeida OP, Etherton-Beer C, Kelty E, Sanfilippo F, Preen DB, Page A (27 March 2023). "Lithium dispensed for adults aged ≥ 50 years between 2012 and 2021: Analyses of a 10% sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 31 (9): 716–725. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.03.012. PMID 37080815. S2CID 257824414.
- ^ "Bipolar disorder: how lithium as a treatment fell out of favour". The Guardian. 9 November 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.