Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin
官话; 官話 (Guānhuà)
Guānhuà ('Mandarin') written in Chinese characters (simplified left, traditional right)
Native to	China
Region	North China, Central China, Southwestern China
Speakers	L1: 940 million (2021)[1] L2: 200 million (no date)[1] Total: 1.1 billion (2021)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Mandarin
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Eastern Han Chinese Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin
Standard forms	Standard Mandarin (Putonghua, Guoyu)
Varieties	Northeastern Beijing Ji–Lu Jiao–Liao Lower Yangtze Central Plains Lan–Yin Southwestern
Writing system	Chinese characters (Simplified, Traditional) Mainland Chinese Braille Taiwanese Braille Two-Cell Chinese Braille Transcriptions: Pinyin (Latin) Zhuyin Xiao'erjing (Arabic) Dungan (Cyrillic)
Signed forms	Chinese Sign Language[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cmn
Glottolog	mand1415
Linguasphere	79-AAA-b
Mandarin area in China as of 1987, including Sichuanese, Lower Yangtze and (in light green) Jin, which are arguably separate languages
Countries and regions where Mandarin is spoken as L1 or L2   Majority native language   Statutory or de facto national working language   More than 1,000,000 speakers   More than 500,000 speakers   More than 100,000 speakers
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Mandarin (/ˈmændərɪn/ ^ⓘ MAN-dər-in; simplified Chinese: 官话; traditional Chinese: 官話; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'officials' speech') is the largest branch of the Sinitic languages. Mandarin varieties are spoken by 70 percent of all Chinese speakers over a large geographical area that stretches from Yunnan in the southwest to Xinjiang in the northwest and Heilongjiang in the northeast. Its spread is generally attributed to the greater ease of travel and communication in the North China Plain compared to the more mountainous south, combined with the relatively recent spread of Mandarin to frontier areas.

Many varieties of Mandarin, such as those of the Southwest (including Sichuanese) and the Lower Yangtze, are not mutually intelligible with the Beijing dialect (or are only partially intelligible). Nevertheless, Mandarin as a group is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly one billion). Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin varieties are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese (simplified Chinese: 北方话; traditional Chinese: 北方話; pinyin: Běifānghuà; lit. 'northern speech').

Most Mandarin varieties have four tones. The final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties, but some have merged them as a final glottal stop. Many Mandarin varieties, including that of Beijing, retain retroflex initial consonants, which have been lost in southern Chinese languages.

The capitals of China have been within the Mandarin-speaking area for most of the last millennium, making these dialects very influential. Some form of Mandarin has served as a lingua franca for government officials and the courts since the 14th century.^[3] In the early 20th century, a standard form based on the Beijing dialect, with elements from other Mandarin varieties, was adopted as the national language. Standard Chinese is the official language of China^[4] and Taiwan,^[5] one of four official languages of Singapore and one of six official languages of the United Nations.^[6] Recent increased migration from Mandarin-speaking regions of China and Taiwan has now resulted in the language being one of the more frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities. It is also the most commonly taught Chinese language.