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Manosphere

The manosphere is a varied collection of websites, blogs, and online forums promoting masculinity, misogyny, and opposition to feminism.[1] Communities within the manosphere include men's rights activists (MRAs),[2] incels (involuntary celibates),[3] Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW),[4] pick-up artists (PUA),[5] and fathers' rights groups.[6] While the specifics of each group's beliefs sometimes conflict, they are generally united in the belief that society is biased against men due to the influence of feminism, and that feminists promote misandry, or hatred of men.[7] Acceptance of these ideas is described as "taking the red pill", a metaphor borrowed from the film The Matrix.[8]

The manosphere overlaps with the far-right and alt-right communities.[9] It has also been associated with online harassment and has been implicated in radicalizing men into misogynist beliefs and the glorification of violence against women.[10] Some sources have associated manosphere-based radicalization with mass shootings motivated by misogyny.[11] The manosphere received significant media coverage following the 2014 Isla Vista killings in California, the 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting in Oregon, and the 2018 Toronto van attack, as well as the online harassment campaign against women in the video game industry known as GamerGate.[12]

  1. ^ Hodapp (2017), p. xv; Lumsden (2019), pp. 98–99; Jane (2018), p. 662; Marwick & Lewis (2017), pp. 9, 13
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference MRM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Incels was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference MGTOW was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference PUA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference fathers' rights was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Sugiura (2021), p. 23; Winter (2019), pp. 51–54; Lumsden (2019), p. 99; Ging (2019), p. 640; Marche (2016)
  8. ^ Winter (2019), pp. 51–54; Lumsden (2019), p. 99; Ging (2019), p. 640; Marche (2016)
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference alt-right was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference harassment-violence-radicalization was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Lewis (2019); Dewey (2014); Tye (2021)
  12. ^ Ging (2019), p. 640; Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), pp. 1–2; Zuckerberg (2018), p. 21
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